The Biological Problem of To-day: Preformation Or Epigenesis?: The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development — John Shaqi
The Biological Problem of To-day: Preformation Or Epigenesis?: The Basis of a Theory of Organic DevelopmentHertwig, Oscar
Science
The Biological Problem of To-day: Preformation Or Epigenesis?: The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development
Hertwig, Oscar
Developmental biology; Embryology; Genetics
Weismann laid hold of this idea, but transmuted it to fit in with his
original theory of the germplasm. Shortly put, his view is as follows: The
whole of the nuclear material is not hereditary material, but only a
definite part is such, and this part, throughout the development of the
individual, remains unaltered in composition, and finally becomes the
starting-point for the generations to come. The remaining and greater part
of the nuclear material does not remain in an unaltered condition. The
layers of cells, first formed in the embryo, grow unlike each other, and
give rise to different organs and tissues; Weismann draws the inference
that the nuclear substance as well alters during the process of
development, transforming itself in a regular, orderly fashion, until,
finally, each different kind of cell in the whole body contains a specific
nuclearplasm. This segregation and transformation begins with the process
of cleavage itself, and thus 'the two daughter-cells that arise from the
first cleavage of the egg-cell become different, so that the one contains
all the hereditary characters for the ectoderm, the other for the endoderm.
In further course the ectodermal nuclearplasm divides into that containing
the primary germs of the nervous system, and that containing the similar
constituents for the outer skin. By further cellular and nuclear divisions
the inherited germs for the nervous system separate into those for the
sense organs, those for the central nervous system, and so forth, until
there are separated the germs for all the separate organs, and for the
production of the minutest histological differentiation.'
Weismann calls the diverging nuclearplasms into which the primitive
germplasm is gradually transformed _histogenous_, because they determine
the specific characters of the tissues. He assumes that the primitive,
original germplasm has a most complicated molecular structure, while the
histogenous nuclearplasms for tissue-cells, like muscle-cells, nerve-cells,
sense-cells, gland-cells, and so forth, have relatively simpler structures.
As, during the growth of the embryo, the germplasm becomes transformed into
the histogenous plasms, its molecular structure becomes simpler in
proportion to the fewer different possibilities of development each
separated portion of it comes to contain.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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