The Biological Problem of To-day: Preformation Or Epigenesis?: The Basis of a Theory of Organic DevelopmentHertwig, Oscar
Science
The Biological Problem of To-day: Preformation Or Epigenesis?: The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development
Hertwig, Oscar
Developmental biology; Embryology; Genetics
It is with the fate of the other portion coming from the first division of
the germplasm that we are concerned here. It is set apart to form the
nuclear matter, and so to control the building up of the actual individual.
Weismann supposes that the subsequent divisions it undergoes are what I
call in this translation differentiating divisions (_Erbungleiche
Theilung_). According to his theory, in each of these divisions the
microcosms of the germplasm are not doubled, but are slowly disintegrated,
the division differentiating among the determinants, and marshalling one
set into one portion, the other set into the other portion. The
differentiating process occurs in an order determined by the historic
architecture of the microcosms, so that the proper determinants are
liberated at the proper time for the modelling of the tissues and organs.
Ultimately, when the whole body is formed, the cells contain only their own
kind of determinants. It follows, of course, from this that the cells of
the tissues cannot give rise to structures containing less disintegrated
nuclear material than their own nuclear material, and least of all to
reproductive cells, which must contain the undisintegrated microcosms of
the germplasm. As special adaptations for the formation of buds and for the
reconstruction of lost parts, cells may be provided with latent groups of
determinants to become active only on emergency. But with these exceptions,
the nuclear matter of the cells of the body contains only what is called
_idioplasm_, a differentiated portion of the germplasm peculiar to cells of
their own order, and it can give rise only to idioplasm of the same or of
a lower order. And here we come round again to the original observations
from which Weismann set out. For he found that among the Hydromedusæ,
although the sexual cells seemed to arise in very different topographical
positions, there had always been a migration to these localities of a
material which he would now call the germplasm. And here also, that the
point may be made plain, there may be mentioned the observations of
surgeons and physicians, who insist that the growths of disease always
conform strictly, in their cellular nature, to the tissues from which they
arose, and that in the healing of wounds like only grows from cellular
like.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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