It is among the so-called viviparous cockroaches that the greatest number of observations have been made of postparturient associations between female cockroaches and their offspring. The females of these species carry their oöthecae in brood sacs within their bodies until embryogenesis has been completed. This behavior ensures protection of the young from desiccation and attack by parasites (Roth and Willis, 1955a). (See Roth and Willis, 1958a, for an analysis of oviparity and viviparity in the Blattaria.) Shelford (1906, 1916) reported that he had captured a female of _Pseudophoraspis nebulosa_ in Borneo with numerous young nymphs clinging to the undersurface of her abdomen. He also recalled that there was in the Hope Museum (Oxford) a female of _Phlebonotus pallens_ to which the following label was attached: "'Ceylon ... carries its young beneath its wing covers. 1878.'" Pruthi (1933) found in South India another female of _P. pallens_ which was carrying over a dozen young nymphs on her back beneath her wings. In his paper Pruthi reproduced a photograph of this specimen with the light-colored nymphs in place on the back of the female. Hanitsch (1933) reported having seen a museum specimen from Luzon, Philippine Islands, of the apterous female of _Perisphaerus glomeriformis_ with nymphs still clinging to her undersurface; he also reported having seen a museum specimen of a female of _Ellipsidion variegatum_ from Australia with four young clinging to the upper side of the apex of her tegmina and six to the oötheca which projected beyond her body. Presumably this specimen was giving birth when captured. Gurney (1954; personal communication, 1958) stated that specimens of _Perisphaerus_ sp. from Mindanao and Luzon have been found with young nymphs clinging to the middle and hind coxae. The first-instar nymph has an elongate face and specialized galeae. Karny (1925) also observed that at the slightest alarm the young of some species of Phoraspidinae creep under the dome-shaped front wings of the mother. The newly hatched young of _Leucophaea maderae_ have also been seen congregated under the mother on several occasions. Seín (1923) stated that after being born, the nymphs of this species gather under the mother and accompany her at night in her excursions in search of food. Pessôa and Corrêa (1928) reported that "During the first days the free larvae hide under the adult cockroach which becomes restless and active in contrast to its usual slow gait." Wolcott (1950) stated that "They are not only gregarious, but the mother broods over her young, and together they sally forth at night in search for food, until they are of such a size as to mingle with their elders."