[116]The enumeration recalls the so-called “Royal Tombs” of Ur, where, under conditions which are as yet obscure, a courtly society had been buried in all its splendour. The riches discovered in these tombs, which belong to the very end of the Early Dynastic period and appear far removed from the simple co-operative society of the ideal temple community which we have described, recall Homer and Malory rather than Hesiod and Piers Plowman. Since Sidney Smith suggested in 1928 (_Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society_ [1928], 849 ff.) that these rich tombs, containing numerous attendants killed when the main occupant was buried, derived from the performance of a “fertility rite,” the discussion has continued without leading to a decisive conclusion. See my _Kingship and the Gods_, 400, n. 12. [117]Translation of Col. xii, 25-6, after Thorkild Jacobsen. [118]The head is uninscribed but represents in all probability one of the Akkadian kings. The eyes were inlaid with precious materials and had been chiselled out by robbers. [119]This view has been refuted by Thorkild Jacobsen, “The Assumed Conflict of Sumerians and Semites in Early Mesopotamian History,” _Journal of the American Oriental Society_, LIX (1939), 485-95. [120]Frankfort, _Cylinder Seals_, 227 ff. [121]M. E. L. Mallowan, “Excavations at Brak and Chagar Bazar,” _Iraq_, IX (London, 1947). [122]Walter Andrae, _Die Archaischen Ischtar-Tempel in Assur_ (Leipzig, 1922). [123]_Journal of the American Oriental Society_, LIX (1939), 490. [124]However, Lugalzaggesi, whom Sargon overthrew, had assumed the title of “King of the Land.” [125]L. W. King, _Chronicles concerning Early Babylonian Kings_, II, 5; Sidney Smith, _Early History of Assyria_, 93. [126]So F. W. Geers and Thorkild Jacobsen; see Frankfort, _Kingship and the Gods_, 406, n. 35. [127]Frankfort, _loc. cit._ [128]The Akkadian rulers were themselves apparently too close to the period of local autonomy to draw up a single king list for the whole land. This was done under Utuhegal (_ca._ 2100 B.C.), the destroyer of the Gutian invaders who had overthrown the rule of Akkad. Utuhegal’s “pride in new independence and in the ‘kingship’ which had been brought back” led to the compilation of the country-wide list in which the traditional lists of local rulers of the important cities were combined (Thorkild Jacobsen, _The Sumerian King List_, Chicago, 1939). Thus a conception of kingship established by the Sargonid dynasty was projected into the past. [129]_Iraq_, IX (1947), 15. [130]H. Frankfort, S. Lloyd, and T. Jacobsen, _The Gimilsin Temple and the Palace of the Rulers at Tell Asmar_ (Chicago, 1940), 4, 177-80. [131]Near Abydos, in Upper Egypt (Fig. 51).