S Samarra, 42 _sangu_, 65, 72, 79, 80 Sargon of Akkad, 82 f., 85 ff. Scorpion king, 90, 96; macehead of, 129 seals, cylinder, 58, 59, 60 and n., 122; stamp, 122 f. seasons, 113 Semerkhet, 96 Seneb, 111 f. serfdom in Egypt, 108, 109-10 Seti, 102 ships, 124. _See also_ boats Sialk, 30, 36, 133 sickles, toothed, 30 f.; clay, 46 f. Sinai, 40, 96, 97, 118 slaves, 66, 68, 110 Snefru, 23, 119 socialism, Sumerian theocratic, 73 soldiers, 69 specialization, 69 Spengler, O., views discussed, 4-12, 17-18 stock-breeding, 35, 116-17 Sumer, 48, 84, 97, 136, 137 Sumerians, 51 n., 57, 69, 88 Susa, 133 Syria, contacts with Egypt, 96, 97, 117, 136 T Tasian culture, 39 taxes, 100, 104, 112, 114-15 Tell Asmar (Eshunna), 88 Tell el Amarna, workmen’s village at, 109 Tell Halaf, 36; pottery, 44 n., 46 Tell Uqair, 55, 60 temples: of Al Ubaid period, 47-48, 54, 128; Protoliterate, 54; their influence in Egypt, 97, 127 ff.; accounts kept by, 71 ff.; civic importance, 57; earliest writing in, 57, 58; economic units, 50, 54, 64 ff.; magazines, 67 f. _See also_ Assur, Brak, Erech, Mari Tepe Gawra, 46, 128 Thebes, 98, 118 Theocracy, 54 This, 90, 95 Tigris, 43, 45, 53; and Euphrates, cultural continuum along, 84 toilet sets, copper and gold, 75 tools, 67 towers, 129, 132, 133 n. _See also_ ziggurat Toynbee, A., views discussed, 2, 4, 10, 12-23 trade, 74, 117, 133 trade routes, defence of, 87 f. Treasurer of Pharaoh, 100, 101, 102 Troy, 84 “Two Lands, The,” 95 U Umma, 79, 82 Uni, 107 Ur, 43, 55, 75; Third Dynasty of, 88 urban-rural contrast, found in early times, 62 Urukagina, reforms of, 81, 82 _Uru-lal_-land, 65, 74 V vizierate in Egypt, 99 W Wadi Hammamat, 137 weavers, weaving, 35-36, 111 Wenamon, 119 “White Wall,” Memphis, 94 women as allotment-holders, 66-67 wood, seals made of, 123. _See also_ Lebanon wool, 68 writing, 49, 50, 58 and n., 97, 129, 130 Z ziggurat, 55; significance, 56 ANCHOR BOOKS AMERICAN HISTORY AND STUDIES