M Maat, 104, 107 Marduk, 63 Mari, 84 markets, 117 Memphis, 94 “Memphis Theology,” 94 f. Menes, 90, 91, 94, 95 f., 113 merchants, 67, 74 f., 118 Mersin, 36, 126 Mesopotamia; prehistoric, 42 f.; southern, 44, 45 f.; cities of, Chapter III _passim_; compared with Egypt, 50 ff.; formative age of, 51; influence in Egypt, 121 ff.; invasions of, 89 Methen, career of, 101, 103 n. Min, statues of, 137 money, absence of, 72, 115 “mountain,” religious significance of, 56 f. N Naqada, 122 Naramsin, 85, 87 Narmer, 90, 96; palette of, 91, 92 f., 96, 125 Natufians, 30, 31, 32, 35, 36 Nekhbet, 95 Nesutnefer, 102 f. New Stone Age, inventions, 35 New Year’s festival, 57, 62 _nigenna_-land, common, 65, 76 Nile flood, 38, 108, 113 Nineveh, 36 nomarchs, 101, 113 _nubanda_, 65, 66, 72, 79, 80 Nubia, 97, 102, 118, 126 O oath by name of king, 86 officials, 69, 99 ff.; ideal, 103; oppression by, 81, 104, 115 Old Stone Age, 28, 29, 30. _See also_ palaeolithic oligarchy, 77 ornaments, 74-75 Osiris, 18 P palaeolithic remains, express religious concepts, 27 f. Palestine, wild grains in, 29; early relations with Egypt, 39, 40, 96 palettes, votive: Hunter’s, 93, 126-27, 129; Narmer’s, 90 ff., 96, 125 Panehsi, 107 peasant life, 104 Persia, 42, 43, 68, 84 Pharaoh, position and functions, 24, 54, 91, 93, 98, 119-20, 129 “planned society” in Sumerian cities, 64, 73 ploughing, 71, 72 pottery: earliest, 35; in Egypt, 40; Mesopotamian, 43; Tell Halaf, 43 n., 46 prehistory, distinction between history and, 26; of ancient Near East, 27-48 private enterprise, property, 74, 76, 115 progress in history, 15 f. Protoliterate period, 52; age of expansion, 132; seals of, in Egypt, 122; temples of, 54; influence Egyptian technique, 97, 125 ff. pyramids, 108 Q Qau el Kebir, 110 R Ras Shamra, 36 rations, 66, 76 n., 112 raw materials, 100, 118-19 recessed buildings, 55, 127 f., 133 n. Red Sea, 136-37 reed structures, 45, 60 _rekhyt_-birds, 90, 93 religion, palaeolithic, 27 f.; early Mesopotamian, 62-63 f., 89 rents, in kind or silver, 65