[69]Frankfort, _Kingship and the Gods_ (Chicago, 1948), 348, n. 4, and Index, Africa, Hamites. Badarian objects have been found, not only in Middle and Upper Egypt (at Badari, Mahasna, Naqada, Armant, and Hierakonpolis—see Brunton in _Antiquity_, III [1929], 461), but in Nubia (Brunton, _The Badarian Civilization_ [London, 1928], 40), in the northern provinces of the Sudan (report of the discoveries of Mr. Oliver Myers of Gordon College, Khartoum, in _The Times_ [London] of March 31, 1948), in the desert fifty miles west of the Nile in the latitude of Abydos (_Man_, No. 91 [1931]), and again far to the south, four hundred miles west of the Nile in the latitude of Wadi Halfa (_Journal of Egyptian Archaeology_, XXII [1936], 47-8). [70]Also called “Naqada II” or “Middle Predynastic.” Note that “Late Predynastic” or “Semainean” has been proved a chimera. The remains so labelled belong to the Gerzean period, which thus leads right up to the First Dynasty. See Helene J. Kantor, in _Journal of Near Eastern Studies_, III (1944), 110-46. When we use “late Predynastic” we mean the last part of the predynastic period, in other words, late Gerzean. [71]A. Lucas, in _Journal of Egyptian Archaeology_, XVI (1930), 200 ff. [72]_Nature_, XII (October 1932), 625; Lucas in _Journal of Egyptian Archaeology_, XIII (1927), 162-70; XIV (1928), 97-108. [73]The Egyptian language has been explained as a common tongue imposed upon a country where several dialects existed, in the same manner as the French of Ile de France became the official French language, and “Hochdeutsch” the vehicle of communication for all Germans. Now this ancient Egyptian language included two recognizable Hamitic strains—one Southern or Ethiopian, the other Western or Berber—and also one Semitic strain (see the studies of Ernst Zyhlarz in _Africa_, IX [London, 1936], 433-52; _Zeitschrift fur Eingeborenensprachen_, XXIII [1932-3], 1 ff.; XXV [1934-5], 161 ff.). [74]It would be possible to assume that the Semitic elements entered through the Wadi Hammamat from the Red Sea, but this leaves the Gerzean innovations unexplained and ignores the arguments put forward by K. Sethe, “Die Aegyptische Ausdrücke für rechts und links und die Hieroglyphenzeichen für Westen und Osten,” in _Nachrichten von der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen_, Phil.-Hist. Kl., 1922, 197-242. [75]It even affected the physical type of the population; see G. M. Morant, “Study of Egyptian Craniology from Prehistoric to Roman Times,” in _Biometrika_, XVII (1925), 1-52.