════════════════════╤══════════════╤══════════════╤═══════════════════ DISEASE │NO. OF DEATHS │EST. PER CENT │EST. NO. OF DEATHS │ UNDER FIVE │ DUE TO BAD │ DUE TO BAD │ YEARS │ CONDITIONS │CONDITIONS—POVERTY ────────────────────┼──────────────┼──────────────┼─────────────────── Measles │ 8,465│ 85 │ 7,195 Inanition │ 10,687│ 90 │ 9,618 Convulsions │ 14,288│ 70 │ 10,000 Consumption │ 4,454│ 60 │ 2,648 Pneumonia │ 37,206│ 45 │ 14,340 Bronchitis │ 10,900│ 50 │ 5,450 Croup │ 10,897│ 45 │ 4,900 Debility and Atrophy│ 12,130│ 75 │ 9,397 Cholera Infantum │ 25,563│ 45 │ 11,502 Diarrhœa │ 3,962│ 45 │ 1,782 Cholera Morbus │ 3,180│ 45 │ 1,431 ────────────────────┼──────────────┼──────────────┼─────────────────── │ 151,732│ 51.57 │ 78,263 ════════════════════╧══════════════╧══════════════╧═══════════════════ IV There are doubtless many persons, lay and medical, who will think that the foregoing figures exaggerate the evil. But I would remind them that I have only ascribed 30 per cent of the infantile death-rate to “socially preventable causes,” and only 85 per cent of that number to poverty in the broadest sense of that word.[C] I have purposely set my estimate much lower than I am convinced it should be. All the facts point irresistibly to the conclusion that even 50 per cent would be a conservative estimate. In connection with the New York Foundling Asylum on Randall’s Island, it was decided some few years ago to introduce the Straus system of Pasteurizing the milk given to the babies. The year before the system was introduced there were 1181 babies in the asylum, of which number 524, or 44.36 per cent, died. In the year following, during which the system was in operation, the number of children was 1284 and the number of deaths only 255, or 19.80 per cent. In other words, there were 8.03 per cent more children and 48.66 per cent fewer deaths.[18]