In the meanwhile the eastern tribes, the Santee Sioux, were beginning to feel the pressure of settlement in the rich Minnesota valleys. In 1862 they revolted, and the terrible battle of Wood Lake was fought, with the score of massacred settlers reaching into the high hundreds. The leaders of this outrage were, of course, apprehended and punished, but whole tribes fled into the western plains, into the land of the Black Hills, where they eventually joined forces with their Teton cousins. [Illustration: The Four Great Faces: Mount Rushmore Memorial] [Illustration: Sylvan Lake mirrors great granite shields at an altitude of 6,250 feet] By 1865 matters had come to a head again, because although the great Sioux, numbering between thirty and forty thousand, had kept to themselves, the white man had broken his side of the bargain and was cutting a new route into the forbidden country. This passage was the famed Bozeman Trail, which drove north from Fort Laramie, on the Oregon Trail, directly through the Sioux country to serve the new gold fields of Montana. To protect the wagon trains on the Bozeman the army called upon General Grenville Dodge, who was later to build the Union Pacific. Dodge, Commandant of the Department of the Missouri, was an old hand at Indian warfare. He rushed into Wyoming a full force, four columns of men, who swiftly brought the angered tribes to heel. The immediate result of this engagement was the signing of a halfhearted and inconclusive treaty at Fort Sully, near Pierre, in October of 1865. The treaty attempted to settle some old differences of a fundamental nature, but inasmuch as neither the Oglala nor the Brule were represented it failed of its mission. A year later a further powwow was staged at Fort Laramie to pursue the matter of keeping the Bozeman Trail open through the forbidden Sioux country. Perhaps matters might have proceeded equably had not General Carrington arrived in the midst of the delicate negotiations to announce that he had enough soldiers to protect the trail, treaty or no treaty. Carrington’s blustery announcement, backed up by a show of seven hundred courageous but misguided cavalrymen, brought the talks to an abrupt end and sent the two most important Sioux Chieftains, Red Cloud and Crazy Horse, scurrying for the council fire and the war paths. In all the great plains there were not to be found braver or more single-minded Indian strategists than these two. For the better part of two years roving bands of tribesmen under Red Cloud and his stalwart colleague amply proved that Carrington could not have kept the trail safely open if he had had seventy times his seven hundred men. It was, as a matter of fact, the only time in our long history that Uncle Sam’s troops ever took a downright beating.