The Body at Work: A Treatise on the Principles of PhysiologyHill, Alex
Science
The Body at Work: A Treatise on the Principles of Physiology
Hill, Alex
Physiology
The anatomical unit of structure is the cell. Cells are the bricks of
which the body is built. Some are large, others small, as befits the
part which they take in the construction of the body. If the tissue be
merely a supporting tissue, connective tissue, cartilage, bone, its
cells are uniform in size and small. If it have functions to perform
which in some cases are carried out best by small cells, in other cases
by large ones, the cells are adapted in size to the work that they have
to do. Of the various kinds of wandering cells, some—the bone-forming
cells (osteoblasts), for example—are small; others—the bone-eating
cells (osteoclasts)—relatively large. Nerve-cells, like telephone
exchanges, are large or small according to the size of the area which
each supplies.
All animals of complex organization, from starfishes and sea-urchins
to Man, are inhabited by =motile cells=. In addition to the bricks
which enter into the construction of its fabric, each fixed in its
place and definitely united to its neighbours, the animal contains
leucocytes which wander through its tissue-spaces or float down
the streams of lymph or blood. We are disposed to speak of these
wanderers as inhabitants of the body, to distinguish them from the
elements which enter into the construction of their habitation. It
is difficult to avoid the temptation of describing the body as a
habitation. Allegorical as Aristotle’s distinction between body and
soul—between the habitation and that which inhabits—may seem, when
contrasted with the exact language of modern science, it would save
many a periphrasis if we might still use the monosyllable “soul.” The
fixed tissues constitute a unity, bound together by nerves. The work
done by glands and muscles is done in response to directions conveyed
by nerves. It is impossible to say where the control of the nerves
ceases—to point out any fixed tissue which is not co-ordinated with
other tissues, nor susceptible to the influence of the environment
as impressed upon the central nervous system, through the medium of
sense-organs. The fixed tissues constitute a habitation for the “soul.”
They share in a common life. The wandering cells are as independent
of control as the parasites which occasionally find entrance into the
body. Each must have a soul of its own in Aristotle’s sense. Like
parasites, they carry on all the business of nutrition, respiration,
cell division, without reference to the needs of the fixed tissues.
They take what they require from the lymph as it leaves the intestines
loaded with the products of digestion; they take it from the lymph
in the tissue-spaces; they take it from the blood. When nutriment
or oxygen runs short, they do not share the privations of the fixed
tissues. Only indirectly is their well-being affected by that of
the body as a whole; only accidentally is the death of the body the
occasion of their death. The same might be said of such parasites as
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