To some slight extent watermarks on paper made for particular books have followed the subjects of those books, and in accordance with a loyal feeling there are instances of a crown watermark being used on paper prepared for special copies of books intended for presentation to reigning sovereigns. [Illustration: FIG. 56.--English “crown” watermark, 1745.] On papers used for early English printed books we find the favourite German bull’s head, bunches of grapes, unicorns, dogs, hands with stars, and shears. These appear in several sizes, and show many varieties and modifications of their original designs. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries a greater variety occur; on English paper there is found the post horn and the fool’s cap, sometimes showing as a cap only and sometimes as a fool’s head with cap and bells. A similar design was largely used abroad. In the time of Charles I. a crown was a usual watermark on official folio paper, but the Rump Parliament ordered that the foolscap should be in future substituted for it, which was done. “Double foolscap” is still used as a designation for a certain size of printing paper, so also is “double-crown.” [Illustration: FIG. 57.--English “foolscap” watermark, 1661.] [Illustration: FIG. 58.--English “Britannia” watermark, 1907.] The foolscap itself shortly gave way to a figure of Britannia or a lion rampant. The post horn was another common watermark here; it gave its name to its paper about 1670, when the mail carrier was accustomed to announce his approach by a blast from his horn. The name “Post” still designates a certain size of printing paper. The smallest folio paper of the seventeenth century was marked with a watermark of a “pot,” and hence the name. For specially printed books it is a pretty fancy to have a coat-of-arms set as a watermark, and it is now and then done, but I fear few readers notice it. Many papers are now made without watermarks, and it is likely enough that, except for trade terminology, they will gradually die out altogether as being unnecessary. [Illustration: FIG. 59.--English “post” watermark, 1679.] [Illustration: FIG. 60.--English “pot” watermark, 1640.] The possibilities of artistic watermarking have not yet been fully realised. At the St. Louis Exhibition in 1904 there was a German exhibit which showed the remarkable effect which could be made by impressing paper pulp by means of a photographic plate in relief. The papers which had been so treated were set up in a frame with a light behind them, and they looked like most delicate paintings in monotone. Those exhibited were portraits of celebrities, and they were not only excellent but possessed the quality of permanence in a remarkable degree.