In preparing this little book for the press, I am indebted to Mr. Lionel Giles and Mr. L. Cranmer-Byng for their kind assistance. Mr. Giles has revised the English spelling of Chinese names according to the system almost universally adopted by sinologues to-day; while Mr. Cranmer-Byng has made himself responsible for the Introduction. As regards _The Twenty-four Examples of Filial Duty_, due acknowledgment must be made to Vol. VI. of _The Chinese Repository_, which contains the only complete translation of these stories, and has been extensively drawn upon for the present work. FOOTNOTES: [1] Translated by John Carey Hall in _Chinese Civilisation_, by Pierre Laffitte. THE DOCTRINE OF FILIAL DUTY CHAPTER I THE MEANING OF FILIAL DUTY Once upon a time Confucius was sitting in his study, having his disciple Tsêng Ts‘an to attend upon him. He asked Tsêng Ts‘an: “Do you know by what virtue and power the good Emperors of old made the world peaceful, the people to live in harmony with one another, and the inferior contented under the control of their superiors?” To this Tsêng Ts‘an, rising from his seat, replied: “I do not know this, for I am not clever.” Then said Confucius: “The duty of children to their parents is the fountain whence all other virtues spring, and also the starting-point from which we ought to begin our education. Now take your seat, and I will explain this. Our body and hair and skin are all derived from our parents, and therefore we have no right to injure any of them in the least. This is the first duty of a child. “To live an upright life and to spread the great doctrines of humanity must win good reputation after death, and reflect great honour upon our parents. This is the last duty of a son. “Hence the first duty of a son is to pay a careful attention to every want of his parents. The next is to serve his government loyally; and the last to establish a good name for himself. “So it is written in the _Ta Ya_[2]: ‘You must think of your ancestors and continue to cultivate the virtue which you inherit from them.’” CHAPTER II THE FILIAL DUTY OF AN EMPEROR In order to prevent the people from treating their parents with cruelty, the Emperor first sets an example to them by showing a dear love to his mother; and in order to teach them not to treat their parents with rudeness, he first treats his parents with respect. Having loved and respected his own parents, his good conduct will influence the minds of his people, and his good example will be followed by them. So it is written in the _Fu Hsing_[3]: “When the Emperor has done a good act, millions will be benefited.” FOOTNOTES: [2] A section of the _Canon of Poetry_. [3] The 27th of the books of Chou in the _Canon of History_. CHAPTER III THE FILIAL DUTY OF FEUDAL PRINCES