=The Little Dipper.=—Although some of the stars which form the _Little Dipper_ are very faint it is included in our list of 12 principal constellations for two reasons: first, because it contains the very important North Star, and second, because it is easy to find. [Illustration: FIG. 14.—CASSIOPEIA AS THE ARABS SAW HER.] [Illustration: FIG. 15.—THE LITTLE DIPPER OR LITTLE BEAR.] The North Star is the last star in the handle of the Little Dipper. The two outer stars which form the bowl of the Little Dipper, and which are called the _Guardians of the Pole_, are quite bright, and after a few trials you can easily put in the other stars that are much fainter, and so complete in your mind’s eye the outline of the Little Dipper as you have it on your chart. Fig. 15 shows the arrangement of the stars in the Little Dipper and the relative position of the Little Dipper to the Big Dipper. The Little Dipper is also called the _Little Bear_ and this latter name when done into Latin becomes _Ursa Minor_, which is its scientific name. How the Little Dipper was made into a Little Bear by the ancients is shown in Fig. 16. =The Great Square of Pegasus.=—Unlike the Big Dipper, the Little Dipper and Cassiopeia, which are so close to the North Star that they never set and hence can be seen at any hour of the night and at any season of the year, we now come to some constellations which are quite distant from the North Star and are for this reason to be seen only at certain times of the year. The _Great Square of Pegasus_ can always be seen on clear, crisp nights during the autumn months. [Illustration: FIG. 16.—THE LITTLE DIPPER MADE INTO A LITTLE BEAR.] To find a constellation that is as far away from the North Star as Pegasus (pronounced Peg’-a-sus) is not an easy thing to do, at least the first time you try it, for while our chart is marked with a straight line the sky is like a great bowl and a line produced from the North Star to Pegasus will, in consequence, not be a straight line, but a curved line. However, with your star finder charted like the diagram shown in Fig. 17 you will be able to locate Pegasus with very little effort. After taking off all the stars from the cardboard surface, pin or paste the North Star to the lower left hand corner of the black surface of the cardboard and place the five stars of Cassiopeia in their proper positions. Now draw a line from the North Star through Cassiopeia just below the star marked β which is the Greek letter _beta_ (see Appendix C) and produce, or extend that line until the edge of the cardboard is reached. On the extreme right hand end of this line set two stars, which we will also call pointer stars, and place two more stars above them so that a nearly perfect square will be formed as shown in Fig. 17. [Illustration: FIG. 17.—THE GREAT SQUARE OF PEGASUS.]