THE FOURTH BOOK OF THE COURTIER 243 1-2: Eulogy of several other interlocutors whose death had recently occurred. 3-6: Ottaviano Fregoso resumes the interrupted discussion, considers the Courtier’s relations with his prince, and urges the duty of employing his qualities and accomplishments so that his prince may be led to seek good and shun evil. 7-10: Princes’ need to know the truth, their difficulty in finding it, and the Courtier’s duty to encourage them in the path of virtue. 11-2: Virtue not wholly innate, but susceptible of cultivation. 13-6: Ignorance the source of nearly all human errour. 17-8: Temperance the perfect virtue, because it is the fountain of virtues. 19-24: Monarchy vs. commonwealth. 25-6: Whether a contemplative or an active life is more befitting a prince. 27-8: Peace the aim of war; the virtues befitting each. 29: Right training of princes to begin in habit and to be confirmed by reason. 30: Humourous digression. 31: _Governo misto_. 32-5: Attributes of a good prince: justice, devoutness, love of his subjects, and mild sway. 36-9: Grand public works; the Crusades; eulogy of several young princes. 40: Princes must avoid certain extremes. 41: Princes must attend to details personally. 42: Eulogy of the youthful Federico Gonzaga. 43-8: Arguments supporting the theory that the Courtier’s highest aim is the instruction of his prince. 49-52: Whether the Courtier ought to be in love; Bembo appointed to discourse on love and beauty. 53-4: Evils and perils of sensual love. 55-6: Digression concerning the love of old men. 57-60: True beauty, the reflection of goodness. 61-4: In what manner the unyouthful Courtier ought to love; rational love contrasted with sensual love. 65-7: Contemplation of abstract beauty. 68-9: Contemplation of divine beauty. 70-1: Bembo’s invocation to the Holy Spirit. 72: Instances in which a vision of divine beauty has been granted to mortals. 73: Termination of the discussion at dawn. PRELIMINARY NOTES,—Life of the Author, etc. 313 NOTES TO THE DEDICATORY LETTER 317 NOTES TO THE FIRST BOOK OF THE COURTIER 325 NOTES TO THE SECOND BOOK OF THE COURTIER 355 NOTES TO THE THIRD BOOK OF THE COURTIER 387 NOTES TO THE FOURTH BOOK OF THE COURTIER 407 LIST OF EDITIONS OF THE BOOK OF THE COURTIER 417 INDEX 423 LIST OF PLATES 1 BALDESAR CASTIGLIONE, Count of Novillara; Raphael; Frontispiece 2 BALDESAR CASTIGLIONE; anonymous medal; Title-page Facing page 3 FRANCESCO MARIA DELLA ROVERE, Duke of Urbino; 1 Titian;