We have seen in Chapter VIII that the checks which Nature has imposed upon the prolific breeding of the house-fly have been insufficient to protect civilised mankind from ancient times continuously up to the present day. This defect need now no longer be endured; but, alas, communities and individuals are ever slow to be warned, and averse to practise newly advised methods of sanitation. In few other directions is there greater promise of advancement in general public health and comfort than by preventive measures against the breeding of the house-fly. Effective measures comprehensible to all who consider the subject are so easy of application, that, if universally carried out, the house-fly might become a rare insect in a very few years' time. It is, however, of fundamental importance that the public should be made to comprehend the case; else the power necessary for enforcing suitable regulations by the local authorities will not be obtainable. Preventive measures must constitute the supreme objective of an anti-fly crusade. The habits of the house-fly and its life-history make it clear how successful breeding may be prevented. The breeding places are local and accessible; the food substances of the larvæ are capable of being put under control; and the maggot stage is the opportune period wherein the fly plague is most obviously open to attack. In all town and suburban parishes a house to house collection of domestic refuse and garbage must be made, not weekly, but bi-weekly in summer, and the material must be cremated in a dust destructor furnace within a few days of its collection; thus neither larvæ nor pupæ therein would survive; no alternative disposal otherwise than by cremation should be attempted. Furthermore, and above all else, only refuse collecting bins of an authorised pattern should be employed. Contrary to the prevalent idea these should not be fly-proof and not have air-tight covers; they should freely admit air all round and should encourage the access of breeding flies. They should stand preferably in open daylight places and should be egg-traps for flies which, thus encouraged, would hardly ever deposit their eggs elsewhere; the result would be that all maggots and pupæ would be inevitably cremated.