There are two matters involved in sanitary stable reform—one is the proper structure of the stable floor and the treatment of the litter whilst in use for bedding; the other is the disposal of the horse droppings and the discarded litter called stable manure. If the floor be good and the bedding be well kept and fairly dry, which is often not the case, then the effective breeding of flies will be in the dung-pit and the external manure heap. From a sanitary point of view these latter are indeed almost everywhere ill-kept. The general fate of maggots living on the floor of well-kept horse-boxes is to end their lives drowned in the drains to which they descend, when or before they pupate. In these days of motor-cars and fewer horses the horticulturist everywhere is eager to buy good stuff; now stable manure to be good must be fresh and free from the garbage with which stable men wantonly corrupt the same, instead of consigning such extraneous refuse to a proper separate dust-bin for collection and cremation. So much can be done remuneratively with a regular supply of clean fresh manure, that it seems almost worth while transgressing the proper limits of this booklet and writing chapters on mushroom culture and on the intensive hot-bed cultivation, with the aid of "cloches" or bell glasses, called French gardening. It may be thought that such cultures will of themselves breed swarms of flies. Though such is not necessarily the case, the liability by common carelessness is very great. The expert horticulturist has a special preparatory treatment for fresh manure intended for hot-beds; new manure in heaps rapidly "heats," and is ærated by being turned over two or three times on separate days before being packed close for the hot-bed. This process of treatment rather disagrees with the breeding of the house-fly. Mushrooms and all the fungus tribe breathe by inhaling oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide; and so it happens that even insects which delight to feed on mushrooms, are somewhat repelled by the special atmosphere of very actively growing mycelium or spawn.