_Old Ironsides._ See CONSTITUTION. Ooze, oceanic, 13, 274. Outriggers, 28. Oysters and oyster culture, 266. Pacific Ocean, defined, 4. Pacific Ocean, discovery of, 64. Packet-ships, transatlantic, 160, 165. Paddles and oars, 29. Paleocrystic Sea, the, 88. Parry, Arctic explorations by, 81. Payer and Weyprecht, 91. Paul Jones, 128. Pearl-oyster and pearls, 269. Peary, Arctic work of, 99. Persians as navigators, 43. _Philadelphia_, U. S. frigate at Tripoli, 174. Phœnicians as navigators, 41. Pilots and their duties, 220-226. Piracy, history of, 171-185. Piracy in the East Indies, 180. PLANTS OF THE SEA AND THEIR USES, 249-257. _Polaris_, misadventure of, 90. Pope, the, divides the earth, 55. Portugal as a sea-power, 52, 55. Pressure, effects of, in the sea, 262. Prester John, 54. Privateering, 180, 183, 185. Ptolemy, the geographer, 50. “Redbeard,” the pirate, 171. Rigging of primitive ships, 30. ROBBERS OF THE SEAS, 171-185. Ross, Arctic explorations by, 81, 82. _Royal George_, sunk, 201. Rules of the road at sea, 203. Russian Arctic coast, the, 79. Sails, lateen, 32. Sails, names of a ship’s, 36. Sails of early ships, 30. Sails, square-rigged, 34. Sails, two types of, 31. St. Lawrence Bay and River discovered, 68. St. Pierre and Miquelon, 242. Salamis, battle of, 107. Samoa, the great storm at, 206-211. Sandbagger, a, 197. Sardines, fishing for, 244. Sargasso Seas, 251. Schooners, described, 36, 38. Scylla and Charybdis, 19. Sealing, 241. Search-light, uses of, on war-ships, 150. Sea-shells, use and beauty of, 269, 273. Sea-snakes, 259. Seaweeds, 249-257. SECRETS WON FROM THE FROZEN NORTH, 77-165. _Serapis_, fight of the, 128. Seventy-four, a, 121. Sharks, as a danger to divers, 271. Sharpie, characteristics of the, 198. Ship-building, development of, 139. Ship-chandler, a, 204. Ship, sails of a full-rigged, 36. SHIPS, THE BUILDING AND RIGGING OF, 27-38. Ships’ lanterns and lights, 204. Ships, Phœnician, 155. Ships, Roman merchant, 156. Siberia, explorations north of, 79, 93, 95. Signaling at night, 205, 206, 222. Sirens, or fog-horns, 219. Slave-trade, the, 184. Sloop, a, described, 35. Solis discovers the La Plata, 69. South America, discovery of, 61, 62. South Sea. See PACIFIC OCEAN. Spanish conquerors in West Indies, 177. Spitzbergen, 91, 233. Sponges and their taking, 265. Spritsail-mast, the, 34. Square-rig, examples of, 33. Starfishes, damage by, 265. Steamships, development of, 165, 168. Steamships, ocean courses of, 168. Steamships, records of transatlantic, 166. Steerage passage, the, 163.