_began to be a mighty one in the earth_] i.e. was the first grand monarch (for the idiom, compare Genesis ix. 20). In Genesis x. 9, he is further and quaintly described as “a mighty hunter before the Lord.” ¹¹And Mizraim begat Ludim, and Anamim, and Lehabim, and Naphtuhim, =11.= _Ludim_] reckoned in Jeremiah xlvi. 9 and Ezekiel xxx. 5 (Revised Version “Lud”) among the auxiliary troops of Egypt (_Mizraim_). Probably not the Lydians of Asia Minor are meant, but a people of north Africa not yet known. Both this word and _Lehabim_ may be variants for the Libyans, tribes west of Cyrene (compare 2 Chronicles xii. 3, xvi. 8). See also verse 17, note on _Lud_. Of the _Anamim_, _Naphtuhim_, nothing is certainly known. ¹²and Pathrusim, and Casluhim (from whence came the Philistines¹), and Caphtorim. ¹ Hebrew _Pelishtim_. =12.= _Pathrusim_] the inhabitants of Pathros (Isaiah xi. 11), i.e. Upper Egypt. _Casluhim_] not identified. _from whence came the Philistines_] Elsewhere (Jeremiah xlvii. 4; Amos ix. 7; compare Deuteronomy ii. 23) the Philistines are said to have come from Caphtor. It is natural therefore to think that an accidental transposition has taken place, and that this clause, _whence ... Philistines_, originally followed _Caphtorim_. Note, however, that the same order is found in Genesis x. 14. _Caphtorim_] i.e. the inhabitants of Caphtor, which has usually been taken to mean the island of Crete, but is also plausibly identified with “Keftiu,” the south-west coastlands of Asia Minor. Compare Macalister, _The Philistines_, pp. 4 ff. ¹³And Canaan begat Zidon his firstborn, and Heth; =13.= _Canaan begat_] Of the four sons of Ham――viz. Cush, Mizraim, Put, Canaan――note that the sons of Put are omitted. After the sons of Cush (verse 9), and of Mizraim (verse 11), we here pass to the sons of Canaan. _Zidon his firstborn_] From the time of David downwards Tyre takes precedence of Zidon in any mention of the Phoenician cities in the Old Testament, but Zidon was the older of the two cities, as is here implied and as the Roman historian Justin (XVIII. 3) asserts. So we find the Phoenicians in the earlier books of the Old Testament called Zidonians, not Tyrians (e.g. Judges iii. 3; 1 Kings v. 6). Homer also refers not to Tyre but to Zidon. _Heth_] i.e. the Hittites, a northern non-Semitic race, who from about 1800‒700 B.C. were a great power, extending over part of Asia Minor and northern Syria from the Orontes to the Euphrates. The references to them in the Old Testament make it probable that Hittite settlements were to be found in various parts of Palestine. This fact and their dominant influence, _circa_ 1300 B.C., throughout Canaan and Phoenicia probably accounts for their inclusion as a “son” of Canaan. ¹⁴and the Jebusite, and the Amorite, and the Girgashite; =14.= _the Jebusite_] the ancient population of Jerusalem, compare Judges i. 21; 2 Samuel v. 6.