THE SCRIBES 113 (_a_) The Old Testament _data_ 113 (_b_) The Apocrypha _data_ 123 (_c_) Some further particulars 126 Summary 127 CHAPTER VII THE PHARISEES AND SADDUCEES 130 I. The Meaning of the Terms “Pharisees” and “Sadducees” 130 (_a_) Pharisees 130 (_b_) Sadducees 132 II. The Sources 135 (_a_) Josephus 135 (_b_) Rabbinical sources 137 (_c_) The New Testament 138 (_d_) The Zadokite Fragments 138 III. The Doctrines of the Pharisees and Sadducees 139 (_a_) The doctrine of the Law 139 (_b_) The doctrine of God 144 (_c_) The doctrine of the Future Life 146 (_d_) The Sadducæan attitude regarding belief in the existence of angels and spirits 147 (_e_) The doctrine of the Messiah 148 (_f_) The Sadducees and the Jewish Calendar 150 IV. Some Subsidiary Considerations 152 Summary 157 CHAPTER VIII THE ORIGIN OF THE OLD TESTAMENT CANON 160 I. The Hebrew Canon in its Present Form 162 II. The Idea of a Canon 164 III. The Formation of the Hebrew Canon 169 IV. To Whom was the Final Fixing of the Hebrew Canon due? 174 Summary 176 Additional Note. The Conceptions underlying the Idea of Levitical Impurity 177 CHAPTER IX UNCANONICAL BOOKS (I) 183 I. The Meaning of the Term _Gānaz_ 183 II. The Meaning of the Term _Apokryphos_ 185 III. The Connexion between the Terms _Gānaz_ and _Apokryphos_ 188 IV. How the Term “Apocrypha” came to be applied to Sacred Books of the Second Rank 190 V. The Reading of Uncanonical Books 192 Summary 196 CHAPTER X