To calibrate the meters properly, they are compared with some standard. The scale is formed by a piece of white cardboard glued by two small blocks on the inside of the case. The various values are marked with a pen and ink. The glass front, therefore, cannot be put in place until they are located. The zero value on the meters will normally be in the center of the scale. When a current is passed through the bobbin, the armature tends to swing around at right angles to the turns of wire. But since the armature is pivoted above the center of the mass, when it swings, the center of gravity is displaced and exerts a pull in opposition to that of the bobbin, and the amount of swing indicated by the pointer will be greater as the current is stronger. The pointer will swing either to the right or the left, depending upon the direction in which the current passes through the bobbin. The pointer of the instrument illustrated in Figure 108 is at zero when at the extreme left of the scale. The pointer is bent to the left, so that the current will be registered when passing through the meter only in one direction, but the scale will have a greater range of values. It will also be necessary to cut a small groove in the base of the instrument in this case so that the armature will have plenty of room in which to swing. [Illustration: Fig. 109.—Circuits for Calibrating the Ammeter and Voltmeter.] When calibrating the ammeter, it is placed in series with the standard meter, a set of strong batteries, and a rheostat. The rheostat is adjusted so that various current readings are obtained. The corresponding positions of the pointer on the meter being calibrated are then located for each value. The voltmeters must be placed in parallel, or shunt with each other, and in series with several battery cells. A switch is arranged so that the voltage of a varying number of cells may be passed through the meters. To secure fractional values of a volt, the rheostat is placed in shunt with the first cell of the battery. Then, by adjusting both the switch and the rheostat, any voltage within the maximum range of the battery may be secured. This means of regulating voltage is a common one, and of much use in wireless telegraph circuits, as will be explained later. When using the meters, it is always necessary that the ammeter shall be in series and the voltmeter in parallel or in shunt with the circuit. Galvanoscopes and Galvanometers In the first part of Chapter V it was explained that several turns of wire surrounding a compass-needle would cause the needle to move and show a deflection if a current of electricity were sent through the coil. Such an instrument is called a _galvanoscope_ and may be used for detecting very feeble currents. A galvanoscope becomes a _galvanometer_ by providing it with a scale so that the deflection may be measured. A galvanometer is really, in principle, an ammeter the scale of which has not been calibrated to read in amperes.