Founding is the art of casting metals into various forms by means of moulds. The products of smelting are of a coarse kind, and have to be remelted before the process of casting or founding begins. Before any article can be cast in metal, a pattern must be formed in wood, clay, or other suitable substance. The floor of the foundry is made up of sand and powdered charcoal to the depth of several feet, serving to imbed the moulds which are used, and in several places deep pits full of the same material are formed for large castings; an iron frame, corresponding to another like it, and capable of being united to it by pins and sockets, is used to contain the moulding sand and pattern. Illustration: GUN FOUNDRY, WOOLWICH ARSENAL. Let it be supposed, for simplicity, that a cannon ball has to be cast, one of the frames is filled with moulding sand moist enough to bear a good impression, and a cannon ball pressed half-way in; the surface is now dusted over with red ochre (to keep the upper half from sticking to it), and the other frame applied and united with the lower one, this is now filled with the sand and beaten or trodden down firmly. On separating the two and removing the pattern, there is an impression of half a ball in each half of the mould, and when these are again put together there is a hollow corresponding to the pattern used. There are, however, two things more to be attended to, one is to have an opening for the melted metal to be poured in, the other an opening for the air to escape, and this is effected by attaching to the pattern two pieces of wood or iron which project upwards through the upper half of the mould, and when this is carefully lifted up two holes appear which on being united to the lower half lead into the round hollow. When the moulds are ready they are put into a room heated by means of stoves, and thoroughly dried. They are then buried in the floor of the foundry, leaving the holes for pouring the metal exposed, channels being formed in the sand, so that when the furnace is “tapped” the melted metal may flow down these and fill the moulds. Some forms are so complicated that the moulds have to be made in several pieces, and the ingenuity of the founder is taxed to the utmost to produce those required. GLASS BLOWING AND CASTING. Illustration: CASTING PLATE GLASS. Illustration: FIG. 1. (‡ COLLECTING GLASS WITH A PUNTIL.) Illustration: FIG. 2. (‡ BLOWING ON THE PUNTIL.) Illustration: FIG. 3. (‡ BEGINNING GLASS FORM.) Illustration: FIG. 4. (‡ GLASS GLOBE WITH HOLE AT END.)