Now as the Plumber has to do a great deal of his work in roofs and other places where he is liable to fall, he should be clear-headed, and able to go up a ladder or look over a ledge at a height from the ground without being afraid, and this is all the more necessary because he has to handle tools, and sometimes to pour melted solder out of a hot _iron ladle_ while he is at his work on these places. For the purpose of melting the solder he has to carry his _fire grate and melting pot_ with him to some place near where he is at work, since unless the solder can be used rapidly it cools, and will not make a sound joint. The rest of the Plumber’s tools are the _pouring stick_ for applying the melted solder in the places where it is required, the _soldering iron_ which is made red-hot, and passed over the soldered joints to smooth them and make them all firm and sound; the _chisel_, _shave hooks_, _drawing knife_, and _chipping knife_, for cutting the lead and scraping it on the surface, or at the edges that are to be fastened together; the _hammers_ and _mallets_ for beating the lead into shape and flattening the ridges, the _bossing mallet_ and dresser for bringing the sheet of lead to a proper shape, and forming it over the ridge of a roof, the _chased wedge_, the screw-driver, the _dunring_ and the _turnpin_ for various uses in making roofs, laying down leaden pipes and fixing taps, and the _sucker hook_ used in repairing or fixing pumps when the part of the pump called the sucker requires to be rectified. [Illustration: Pouring Stick. Chipping Knife. Dunring. Drawing Knife. Chased Wedge. Shave Hook. Turnpin. Shave Hook.] There are other tools beside these, such as planes for making the surface of the lead smooth and even, gouges and centre-bits for circular openings in the lead to receive nails or clamps, measuring rules and compasses, and pads of carpet or cloth to hold under a pipe when it is being soldered, that the solder may be pressed round the joint before it cools, and without its dropping on the ground. [Illustration: Mallet. Hammer.] Plumbers now buy their sheet lead as well as their leaden pipe at the warehouses, but those in a large way of business formerly cast the lead themselves. For this purpose they used a casting table, which is a great wooden bench about six yards long and two yards wide, made of smooth planks, and with a raised wooden frame round the edge. On this table the Plumber spreads a layer of finely-sifted sand, which was made level by a strike—a flat piece of wood with two handles—drawn from end to end of the table; after this the surface was made still more smooth by a planer, which was a flat plate of copper fastened to a handle. [Illustration: Sucker Hook. Screwdriver. Dresser. Bossing Mallet. Chisel.]