XIV.--PRESERVING FRUITS. 252. Large Strawberries 95 253. Strawberry Jam 96 254. Raspberry Jelly 97 255. Black Currant Jelly 97 256. Red Currant Jam 97 257. Apple Jelly 97 258. Gooseberry Jam 98 259. Orange Marmalade 98 XV.--CHOCOLATE. 260. General Directions for Making Chocolate 99 261. Chocolate Harlequin Pistachios 100 262. Chocolate Drops with Nonpareils 100 263. Chocolate in Moulds 100 THE BREAD AND BISCUIT BAKER’S ASSISTANT. I. INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. When we reflect upon the present conditions under which the bread-making industry is carried on in most of the large cities and towns of England, Scotland, and Ireland, and remember the importance of that industry to mankind, we cannot but be impressed by the little progress that has been made in the art of bread-making. Whilst other industries have been marked by important improvements, we find bread being made in much the same manner as it was five hundred years ago. The mystery is how--by accident, it would seem--we get such well-made bread as we do. There are very few even now who have the slightest conception of what yeast really is, and fewer still who know how or why it makes bread light. But it will surprise me if the trade does not undergo, in the course of the next ten years, a complete and beneficial change. Master bakers and confectioners are everywhere complaining of the incompetency of their workmen; and it cannot be denied that there is some ground for the complaint. Proper training in the baking and confectionery trade is of great importance. A trained servant gives satisfaction to his employer, and receives a responsive good feeling in return. Let us see what is meant by “training.” In its broadest and best sense, it is knowing _what_ to do, and _when_ and _how_ to do it. Take the first condition--_What to do_. This may be considered on two grounds, generally known as the _practical_ and the _theoretical_, though the latter is sometimes confounded with the _scientific_, and people are led to sneer at science. Much has been said lately in our trade journals about introducing scientific chemistry to the journeyman baker in connection with his daily work of making bread. But how many journeyman bakers could we find that even understand the meaning of the word chemistry, without expecting them to understand mysteries to which years of study have been devoted by such men as Liebig, Graham, Dumas, Darwin, Pasteur, and Thoms of Alyth? CHEMISTRY AS APPLIED TO BREAD-MAKING.