Produced by Chris Curnow, Tom Cosmas, Joseph Cooper and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Volume 12, No. 14, Pp. 575-655, 10 figs. May 18, 1964 The Breeding Birds of Kansas BY RICHARD F. JOHNSTON UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS LAWRENCE 1964 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch, Theodore H. Eaton, Jr. Volume 12, No. 14, Pp. 575-655, 10 figs. Published May 18, 1964 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS Lawrence, Kansas PRINTED BY HARRY (BUD) TIMBERLAKE, STATE PRINTER TOPEKA, KANSAS 1964 [Union Label] 30-1476 The Breeding Birds of Kansas BY RICHARD F. JOHNSTON CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION 577 DISTRIBUTION OF BIRDS IN KANSAS 579 Avian habitats in Kansas 581 Species reaching distributional limits in Kansas 584 BREEDING SEASONS 588 Introduction 588 Variation in breeding seasons 589 Zoogeographic categories 593 Significance of phylogeny to breeding schedules 595 Regulation of breeding schedules 598 ACCOUNTS OF SPECIES 601 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 652 LITERATURE CITED 652 INTRODUCTION The breeding avifauna of Kansas has received intermittent attention from zoologists for about 75 years. Summary statements, usually concerning all birds of the state, have been published by Goss (1891), Long (1940), Goodrich (1941), Tordoff (1956) and Johnston (1960). All but the first dealt with the breeding birds chiefly in passing, and none was concerned primarily with habitat distributions and temporal characteristics of Kansan birds. The present work treats mainly certain temporal relationships of breeding birds in Kansas, but also geographic distribution, habitat preferences, and zoogeographic relationships to the extent necessary for a useful discussion of temporal breeding phenomena.