In outlining the ten categories above, attention has been given to
certain similarities and differences in the frequency distributions. A
slightly more refined way of comparing the frequency distributions is to
relate them to other, seasonally variable phenomena. Figure 1 shows the
frequency distributions of egg-laying of these ten categories of birds
in terms of the regular changes in mean temperature and mean
precipitation characteristic of the environments in which these birds
live in the breeding season.
Table 9 shows that there are two basic groups of birds according to peak
of egg-laying and incidence of precipitation; raptors, birds of Eurasian
origin, resident birds, and birds of grassland habitats tend to have
their peaks of egg-laying prior to the peak of spring-summer rains, and
the other six categories tend to have their peaks of egg-laying occur in
the time of spring-summer rains. Regarding temperature, there are four
categories of birds; these are evident in the table.
Some of the correspondences deserve comment. Residents and grassland
species both breed before the rains come and before mean temperatures
reach 70°F., and this correspondence probably results from most of the
grassland species being residents. Contrariwise, most birds of Eurasian
stocks are residents, but not all residents are of such stocks; the two
groups are discrete when mean temperature at breeding is considered.
Woodland birds, aerial foragers, and birds of South American
evolutionary stocks breed after temperatures surpass 70°F. on the
average. Almost all such species are migrants, but many migrants have
different temporal characteristics, and the categories thus are shown to
be discrete on the basis of temperature at time of breeding.
The change through spring and summer of temperature and precipitation
delineates the inception and waxing of the growing season of vegetation
and of the subsequent arthropod populations, on which most of the birds
feed in the breeding season. The temporal characteristics of growing
seasons in North America have been treated by Hopkins (1938) and have
been related to timing of breeding seasons in Song Sparrows (_Passerella
melodia_) of the Pacific coast of North America (Johnston, 1954).
Significance of Phylogeny to Breeding Schedules
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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