1840 1850 1880 { Agricultural labourer -- 100 150 GT. BRITAIN { Skilled labourer 100 -- 153 { Cotton operative 100 -- 133 FRANCE { Agricultural labourer -- 100 125 { Skilled labourer -- 100 150 Belgium and Holland 100 -- 130 United States, average labourer -- 100 143 It will be seen by this that the rise of wages has been general; due to the general increase of wealth in civilized nations; and that, in some cases, the relative increase has been nearly as rapid in thirty years in the protectionist country as it has been in forty years in England. Mill says:-- “The labourer in America enjoys a greater abundance of comforts than in any other country in the world, except in some of the newest Colonies.”[44] Is it possible to conceive a more impudent claim than that which your Free-Trader sets up in claiming the rise of wages as the work of Free Trade? It stands to common sense that Free Trade, or, in other words, unlimited foreign competition, must have a tendency to _reduce_ wages. During the agitation preceding the repeal of the Corn Laws, it was one of the arguments in favour of the movement, that cheap bread would enable the British operative to _work for lower wages_, and thus be able to compete with the continental operative, who enjoyed the advantage of food at lower rates than those obtaining in England. The general rise of wages which has occurred throughout protectionist countries, as well as in England, has been _principally_ due to the increase in the wealth of Europe; but it has also been _partially due to protection_ in the form of Trade-unionism. For what is Trade-unionism but protection in a somewhat extreme form? The protection of _British labour_ does not differ in principle from the protection of the _results of British labour_ in the shape of its industries. Amongst the resolutions adopted at the International Conference of Trades Unions Delegates, I find the following:-- “There are two ways of attaining the object:-- (1) Legislation for the _protection_ of the weak against competition; (2) Organization of workmen who should be united and disciplined as in certain countries.” Protection for the “_weak against competition_.” Is this in accord with Free Trade? FOOTNOTE: [44] Mill’s Political Economy, Bk. II. Chap. XV. CHAPTER XIII. PAUPERISM, CRIME, AND INTEMPERANCE. I have still another serious charge to bring against your Right Hon’ble Ruler, who pompously lays before you statistics to show that, since the introduction of Free Trade, pauperism and crime have decreased; and this your Right Hon’ble Ruler claims as one of the results of Free Trade.