2. Of smaller armed ships of many kinds necessary for the right use of the main fighting ships and for the subsidiary operations leading up to, or following from, fleet actions. 3. Of means other than ships--aircraft, mines, and the like--for entrapping and injuring the main fleets and cruisers of the enemy, for defending and attacking bases, and for making certain sea areas dangerous or impassable to the enemy’s forces. 4. Of the personnel to man, fight, and command the ships and to direct the operations of the separate squadrons and fleets at sea; and 5. Of that higher central command on shore that, by designing and selecting the material, by training the officers and men, creates sea force; that discovers the right method of using weapons; that elucidates the tactics that follow from such use; that develops the strategy which the strength and situation of rival forces makes best; that as a preparation for war, keeps the whole force ready in all particulars; that in war, directs it to the greatest advantage. To get the best naval force it is clear, then, that you want (_a_) Ships whose tactical properties are superior to those which the enemy possesses, and you want more of them. (_b_) Weapons delivering a more devastating blow, that can reach to longer ranges, and can be employed with higher rapidity. (_c_) Methods of employing both the ships and the weapons that will assure to them the utmost scope of efficiency so as to strike at the enemy--if possible--before the enemy can strike, and will keep them in use when conditions of movement, light, and weather have become too difficult for the enemy to overcome. (_d_) A personnel of higher _moral_, better discipline, and greater skill. (_e_) A staff of officers to train and command this personnel, adept in all the craft of fighting, instinct with the loftiest patriotism, and masters of the art of leadership. (_f_) A supreme command, not only equally conversant both with the doctrine that can be gathered from a study of the past and with the resources that modern scientific and industrial development place at the disposal of the fighting men, but consciously cultivating what may be called a prophetic imagination, by which alone future developments can be anticipated, and guided throughout, and always, by regard to the public interest only. The factors that enter are first, material; secondly, men; and, thirdly, the intellectual, spiritual, and moral activities necessary for shaping and turning the first two to their purpose.