The two pulpits and that in the choir in front of the archbishop's throne, which are said to have been executed by order of John of Procida, are fine examples of the rich mosaic work of the period. The two large pulpits are placed in the nave, before the choir, which here has retained its original position in front of the high altar. Stairs opening out of the choir, finely decorated in mosaic, lead to each pulpit. In front of the larger one on the right is a fine Paschal candelabrum, decorated in mosaic. The pulpit itself is supported on twelve granite columns, while the four supports of the opposite ambo are the very rare black porphyry called _Porfido Nero-Bianco._ The raised space between is paved in Opus Alexandrinum. [Illustration: LXVIII. Pulpit in the Cathedral, Ravello.] The Cathedral at Ravello, dedicated to S. Pantaleo, was founded by Niccolo Rufolo, Duke of Sora and grand admiral under Count Roger of Sicily. The marble pulpit, or Gospel ambo, inlaid with mosaics, was built, according to a Latin inscription which it bears, in the year 1272, at the cost of Niccolo Rufolo, a descendant of the grand admiral. Another inscription records the fact that it was the work of Nicholas, the son of Bartolommeus of Foggia. [Illustration: LXIX. Ambo in the Cathedral, Ravello.] The Epistle ambo, situated on the opposite side of the church from the main pulpit, is of earlier date than the latter. The mosaics represent on one side Jonah being swallowed by the whale, and on the other his being ejected. It bears the name of Costantino Rogadeo, the second bishop of Ravello, and probably dates from about 1130. [Illustration: LXX. Pulpit in the Church of S. Giovanni, Ravello.] The church of San Giovanni del Toro also dates from the time of King Roger. The story of Jonah will be seen again depicted here. [Illustration: LXXI. Ambo in S. Lorenzo fuori le Mura, Rome.] The Basilica of S. Lorenzo fuori le Mura was originally only an oratory over the Catacombs of S. Cyriaca, and was said to have been founded by Constantine about A.D. 330. It was enlarged and partly rebuilt in the fifth and sixth centuries, and in 1216 was again remodeled by Honorius III, who built the present long nave and its portico, raised the chancel, and filled up with rubbish the lower church. It is thus a grand collection of details of various periods, but all of much interest. Its two ambos stand on each side of the raised portion of the floor which corresponds to the choir in the Basilica of Honorius. The Gospel was chanted from the one on the south side with the reading desk turned towards the choir; and the Epistle from the one on the north, with a single desk towards the high altar. Before the Gospel ambo is a fine mosaic candelabrum standing on a Roman cippus reversed, having an olive branch and birds sculptured on it. The pavement as well as the work upon these two ambos is in the style of the Cosmati.