These are only some of the many kind friends who have given him assistance and who have helped him with suggestions and in verifying references. To all these he returns his grateful thanks. He wishes also to acknowledge the great help afforded to him by the officials of the London Library, the Society of Antiquaries, the Royal Anthropological Institute, the Hellenic Society and the Royal Asiatic Society, and to take this opportunity of thanking them for their unvarying courtesy. HAROLD PEAKE. _29th June, 1922._ CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE PREFACE 9 LIST OF FIGURES AND MAPS 11 LIST OF PLATES 13 I THE PROBLEM 15 II THE FIRST INHABITANTS OF CELTIC LANDS 19 III EARLY TRADE WITH CELTIC LANDS 34 IV THE PROSPECTORS 48 V THE CELTIC CRADLE 61 VI MANY INVASIONS 71 VII THE EVOLUTION OF THE LEAF-SHAPED SWORD 81 VIII THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE LEAF-SHAPED SWORDS 92 IX GREEK LANDS AND THE BASIS OF CHRONOLOGY 104 X THE IRON SWORD 117 XI A RECAPITULATION 126 XII THE ARYAN CRADLE 132 XIII P’S AND Q’S 144 XIV THE WANDERINGS OF THE WIROS 153 XV CONCLUSION 168 /App. I/ CHRONOLOGY 170 /App. II/ MATRILINEAR SUCCESSION IN GREECE 173 BIBLIOGRAPHY 177 INDEX 191 LIST OF FIGURES AND MAPS PAGE 1 MAP OF CELTIC LANDS AND THE CELTIC CRADLE 16 2 POTSHERD FROM KOSZYLOWSCE, GALICIA 65 3 BOWL DECORATED WITH RED LINES, DISCOVERED IN THE GREAT “THOLOS” OF HAGHIA TRIADA 65 4 CARINATED VASE FROM SPAIN 77 5 SILVER VASE FROM HISSARLIK II. 78 6 BELL BEAKER 78 7 NORTHERN BEAKER 79