X. SLAVERY IMPELLED INTO A DEFENSIVE AGGRESSIVE 208 XI. TOOMBS 212 XII. HELP TO THE UNION CAUSE BY POWERS IN THE UNSEEN 282 XIII. JEFFERSON DAVIS 296 XIV. THE CURSE AND BLESSING OF SLAVERY 330 XV. THE BROTHERS ON EACH SIDE WERE TRUE PATRIOTS AND MORALLY RIGHT--BOTH THOSE WHO FOUGHT FOR THE UNION AND THOSE WHO FOUGHT FOR THE CONFEDERACY 346 XVI. THE RACE QUESTION: GENERAL AND INTRODUCTORY 359 XVII. THE RACE QUESTION: THE SITUATION IN DETAIL 378 APPENDIX 429 INDEX 451 THE BROTHERS' WAR CHAPTER I INTRODUCTORY The inhabitants of the English colonies in Canada, Australia, and New Zealand are all of the same race, language, religion, and institutions of government. Such homogeneousness, as has long been recognized, works powerfully for the political coalescence of separate communities. With the adjacent ones of the colonies just mentioned there has always been trend to such coalescence, as is impressively illustrated by the recent establishment of the Australian Federation. The thirteen colonies out of which the United States developed were likewise English, and there was the same homogeneousness in their population, which made in due time, and also maintained for a few generations, a union of them all--a continental union. But there had crept in a heterogeneity, overlooked for many years, during which time it acquired such force that it at last overcame the homogeneousness just emphasized and carried a part of the inhabitants of the United States out of the continental union. African slavery dying out in the north, but prospering in the south, was this heterogeneity. By a most natural course the south grew into a nation--the Confederate States--whose end and purpose was to protect slavery, which had become its fundamental economical interest, against the north standing by the original union, and which having gained control of the federal government was about to use its powers to extirpate slavery. The continental or Pan-American nation--the American union, as we most generally think of it--could not brook dismemberment, nor tolerate a continental rival, and consequently it warred upon and denationalized the Confederate States. The last two sentences tell how the brothers' war was caused, what was its stake on each side, and the true result. This compendious summary is to serve as a proposition, the proof of which we now purpose to outline.