The Burial Customs of the Ancient GreeksGraves, Frank Pierrepont
History
The Burial Customs of the Ancient Greeks
Graves, Frank Pierrepont
Burial -- Greece; Greece -- Antiquities
A law of Ceos, enacted probably in the latter part of the sixth
century, and resembling the law of Solon very closely, regulates the
matter of burials with considerable particularity. This law aims to
restrain the excessive cost of funeral ceremonies. It limits the
wrappings of the dead to three white cloths, of which the total price
shall not exceed one hundred drachmas, about twenty dollars of our
money; the body must be laid on a bed with slender legs, and must not
be entirely concealed by the draping, a precaution against violent
deaths[86]. In the paintings, the face and the upper part of the breast
are uncovered. The color of the wrappings or shroud on the lecyths
are not uniformly white, for some of violet and some even of green,
are seen on these white vases, which belong to the fourth and fifth
centuries before our era, and which are found almost exclusively in the
tombs of the Athenians[87].
It has already been stated that the women who took part in the funeral
rites were required to be near relatives of the deceased. This legal
requirement is illustrated by a painted _terra-cotta_ plaque, published
by Benndorf, on which are inscriptions near the figures. By these
inscriptions, it appears that the persons about the bed of the deceased
are the grandmother, the mother, and the sisters, the father and the
brothers[88].
The relatives who, in the pictures, stand about the funeral bed or
bier, display gestures of some violence, indicating that time has not
yet softened the keenness of their sorrow. They hold various objects
in their hands, which are intended as offerings at the tomb. A sort
of narrow scarf is very frequent[89]. It is composed of a flat band
of cloth, terminating in a fringe at each end, and the color is by no
means uniform; red, black and violet appearing in different instances.
This long, narrow scarf was employed in all religious ceremonies,
sacrifices, thanksgivings and consecrations. Its significance is
difficult to determine. The purpose of the fan, however, in the hands
of a mourner of the period of the white lecyths, was undoubtedly to
guard the body from the attacks of flies during its exposure[90].
Another singular object which is present at various scenes of mourning
and burial is a bird. Its use is a matter of surmise, and the fact that
the bird is of no one species, but sometimes a dove and, at times, a
duck or some other bird, makes the interpretation of its presence none
the less puzzling. The most satisfactory suggestion is, that it is
simply intended as a pleasant reminder to the deceased of an object
familiar to him in the life just closed[91]. As companions and sources
of amusement and pleasure, the dog and the bird played a prominent part
in the in-door life of the Greeks. On that account, probably, the young
man with his dog and the young girl with her bird are very often seen
in funeral bas-reliefs.
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