Ll is an aspirated _l_, and has much the sound of _thl_. _Llangollen_ is pronounced _Thlangothlen_. R, as in the Greek language, is always aspirated at the beginning of a word. U sounds like the _i_ in _limb_, _him_, &c. W is a vowel, and has the power of _oo_ in _soon_. Y is in some words pronounced like _i_ in _third_; in others like _o_ in _honey_: and again, in others as the _u_ in _mud_, _must_, &c. V is sometimes used instead of _f_. B and P, C and G, and U and Y, are used promiscuously, as were formerly V and M. * * * * * The following is a list of primitive words, which, as they very commonly occur in the names of places, &c. the tourist may find them of use. _Aber_, a confluence; the fall of one river into another or into the sea, as _Aberdovey_, the conflux of the Dovey. _Avon_, what flows; and from thence a stream or river. _Allt_, a cliff; the steep of a hill. _Ar_, upon; bordering or abutting upon. _Bach_, and _Bychan_, little: these are of the masculine gender, and _Vychan_ and _Vechan_ are feminine. _Bôd_, a dwelling, residence, or station. _Bryn_, a hill. _Bwlch_, a gap or pass between rocks. _Cader_, a keep, fortress, or strong hold. _Caer_, a fort, or fortified place, generally constructed with stones and mortar. _Castell_, a castle. _Coed_, a wood. _Carnedd_, a heap of stones. _Cefen_, a ridge; or high ground. _Clawdd_, a ditch, dike, or trench; and sometimes a wall or fence. _Clogwyn_, a precipice. _Craig_, a rock: from this the English word _Crag_ is derived. _Cwm_, a great hollow or glen; sometimes a valley. _Dinas_, a fort, or fortified place, constructed in general with a rampart of loose stones and earth without any cement. _Dôl_, a meadow or dale in the bend of a river. _Drws_, a door, pass, or opening. _Dû_, black. _Dyffryn_, a wide cultivated valley. _Ffynnon_, a spring, well, or source. _Garth_, a mountain that bends round, or that incloses. _Glan_, a bank or shore. _Glyn_, a deep vale, through which a river runs:—from hence was derived our word _Glen_. _Gwern_, a watery meadow. _Gwydd_, a wood; woody or wild. _Gwyn_, white. _Goch_, or _Coch_, red. _Llan_, a smooth plot; a place of meeting; the church, place, or village; and figuratively the church. _Llech_, a flat stone, or crag; a smooth cliff. _Llwyn_, a grove or copse. _Llyn_, a pool, pond, or mere. _Maen_, a stone. _Maes_, an open field. _Mawr_, great:—_Vach_, little. _Moel_, fair; bald; a smooth mountain. _Morfa_, a marsh. _Mynydd_, a mountain. _Pant_, a narrow hollow, or ravine. _Pen_, a head, top, or end. _Plâs_, a hall, or mansion. _Pont_, a bridge. _Porth_, a port. _Rhiw_, an ascent. _Rhôs_, a moist plain, or meadow. _Rhyd_, a ford. _Sarn_, a causeway. _Tal_, the front, head, or end. _Traeth_, a sand on the sea-shore. _Tref_, a township. _Ty_, a house. _Ynys_, an island.