The Cambridge natural history, Vol. 01 (of 10) — John Shaqi
The Cambridge natural history, Vol. 01 (of 10)Hickson, Sydney J. (Sydney John)
Science
The Cambridge natural history, Vol. 01 (of 10)
Hickson, Sydney J. (Sydney John)
Animals
Again, not only is the vegetal cell very ready to surround itself with a
cell-wall, but its food-material, or rather, speaking accurately, the
inorganic materials from which that food is to be manufactured, may diffuse
through this wall with scarcely any difficulty. Such a cell can and does
grow when encysted: it grows even more readily in this state, since none of
its energies are absorbed by the necessities of locomotion, etc. Growth
leads, of course, to division: there is often an economy of wall-material
by the formation of a mere party-wall dividing the cavity of the old
cell-wall at its limit of growth into two new cavities of equal size. Thus
the division tends to form a colonial aggregate, which continues to grow in
a motionless, and, so far, a "resting" state. We may call this "vegetative
rest," to distinguish it from "absolute rest," when all other
life-processes (as well as motion) are reduced to a minimum or absolutely
suspended.
The cells of a plant colony are usually connected by very fine threads of
protoplasm, passing through minute pores where the new party-wall is left
incomplete after cell-division.[55] In a few plants, such as most Fungi,
the cell-partitions are {38}in abeyance for the most part, and there is
formed an apocyte with a continuous investment, sometimes, however,
chambered at intervals by partitions between multinucleate units of
protoplasm. We started with a purely _physiological_ consideration, and we
have now arrived at a _morphological_ distinction, very valid among higher
organisms.
_HIGHER PLANTS consist of cells for the most part each isolated in its own
cell-cavity, save for the few slender threads of communication._
_HIGHER ANIMALS consist of cells that are rarely isolated in this way, but
are mostly in mutual contact over the greater part of their surface._
Again, Plants take in either food or else the material for food in solution
through their surface, and only by diffusion through the cell-wall.
Insectivorous Plants that have the power of capturing and digesting insects
have no real internal cavity. Animal-feeding Protista take in their food
into the interior of their protoplasm and digest it therein, and the
Metazoa have an internal cavity or stomach for the same purpose. Here again
there are exceptions in the case of certain internal parasites, such as the
Tapeworms and Acanthocephala (Vol. II. pp. 74, 174), which have no
stomachs, living as they do in the dissolved food-supplies of their hosts,
but still possessing the general tissues and organs of Metazoa.
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