The Cambridge natural history, Vol. 03 (of 10)Cooke, A. H. (Alfred Hands)
Science
The Cambridge natural history, Vol. 03 (of 10)
Cooke, A. H. (Alfred Hands)
Animals
Again, _Jorunna Johnstoni_ lives[160] upon stones on our southern
coast, associated with a certain sponge (_Halichondria_ sp.), which it
resembles so closely in outline, in colour, in character of surface,
and in its projecting plumes, as to make it very difficult even for
the careful observer to distinguish the one from the other. And, since
fishes, are known to be distinctly averse to sponges of any kind as an
article of food, this resemblance must be decidedly to the advantage
of the _Jorunna_. Another Nudibranch (_Calma glaucoides_ A. and H.)
imitates the ova of certain fishes, on which it feeds. Its elongated
and depressed form of body, transparent integuments, and silvery gray
papillae combine to give it a strong resemblance to the spawn of the
fish, which is deposited on stones, the roots of _Laminaria_, etc.[161]
The common _Lamellaria perspicua_ appears to possess the power of
protectively assimilating its colour, markings, etc., to the Ascidians
on which it lives. A recent case, occurring off the Isle of Man, is
thus described by Professor Herdman.[162] “The mollusc was on a colony
of _Leptoclinum maculatum_, in which it had eaten a large hole. It lay
in this cavity so as to be flush with the general surface; and its
dorsal integument was not only whitish with small darker marks which
exactly reproduced the appearance of the _Leptoclinum_ surface with
the ascidiozooids scattered over it, but there were also two larger
elliptical clear marks which looked like the large common cloacal
apertures of the Ascidian colony.... Presumably the _Lamellaria_
escapes the observation of its enemies through being mistaken for part
of the _Leptoclinum_ colony; and the _Leptoclinum_, being crowded like
a sponge with minute sharp-pointed spicules, is, I suppose, avoided as
inedible (if not actually noxious through some peculiar smell or taste)
by carnivorous animals which might devour such things as the soft
unprotected mollusc.”
=Parasitic Mollusca=
Various grades of parasitism occur among the Mollusca, from the true
parasite, living and nourishing itself on the tissues and secretions of
its host, to simple cases of commensalism. Some authors have divided
these forms into endo- and ectoparasites, according as they live
inside or outside of their host. Such a division, however, cannot
be rigidly carried out, for certain forms are indifferently endo-
and ecto-parasitical, while others are ecto-parasitic in the young
form, and become endo-parasitic in the adult. It will be convenient,
therefore, simply to group the different forms according to the home on
which they find a lodgment.
[Illustration: FIG. 29.--_Magilus antiquus_ L.: =A=, the adult,
imbedded in coral, which has been broken away to show the tube;
=B=, the young (free) form.]
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