The Cambridge natural history, Vol. 05 (of 10)Sedgwick, Adam
Science
The Cambridge natural history, Vol. 05 (of 10)
Sedgwick, Adam
Animals
This spheroidal condition, however, really begins in the
resting larva, and Van Rees and others think that the delicate membrane
enclosing the substance of the pronymph is really the hypodermis of the
integument of the larva. Although this seems probable, from the resemblance
this condition would in that case present to the phenomena usual in
ecdysis, it is not generally admitted, and there is much difficulty in
settling the point. Lowne is of a contrary opinion, looking on the limiting
membrane as a subsequent formation; he calls it the paraderm. The process
of forming the various organs goes on in the pronymph, till the
{165}"nymph" has completed its development, the creature having then again
taken on a definite form which apparently corresponds to the pupa of
Hymenoptera. Great doubt, however, exists as to this equivalence, and
indeed as to any exact correspondence between the metamorphic stadia of
different Insects, a view which long since was expressed by Sir John
Lubbock[96] and Packard. The term nymph is used in this case not because
there is any resemblance to the condition similarly named in Insects with
less complete metamorphosis, but because the term pupa is applied to the
outer case together with the contained nymph. The transformation of the
nymph into the perfect blowfly occupies a period very variable according to
the temperature.
HISTOLYSIS.—The processes by which the internal organs of the maggot are
converted into those of the fly are of two kinds,—histolysis or breaking
down, histogenesis or building up, of tissue. The intermediary agents in
histolysis are phagocytes, cells similar to the leucocytes or white
corpuscles of the blood: the intermediary agents in histogenesis are
portions of tissue existing in the larval state incorporated with the
different organs, or preserving a connexion therewith even when they are to
a great extent separated therefrom. In this latter case they are called
imaginal discs, though Professor Miall prefers to term them imaginal
folds.[97] The two processes of histolysis and histogenesis, though to some
extent mutually dependent (for the material to be built up has to be
largely obtained by previous destruction), do not go on _pari passu_,
though they are to a great extent contemporaneous. In the resting larva
histolysis is predominant, while in the nymph histogenesis is more
extensive. Microscopic observation shows that the phenomena connected with
the histolysis of the muscular tissue are scarcely distinguishable from
those of an inflammatory process, and Viallanes[98] dilates on this fact in
an instructive manner. The phagocytes attach themselves to, or enter, the
tissues which are to be disintegrated, and becoming distended, assume a
granular appearance. By this pseudo-inflammatory process the larval
structures are broken down into a creamy substance; the buds, or germs,
from which the new organs are to be developed being exempt from the
destruction.
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