{14}All the trunk-vertebrae, with the exception of the atlas, carry ribs, at least vestiges thereof. Owing to the early disappearance of the basiventral cartilages the capitular portions of the ribs are much reduced, and are mostly represented by strands of connective tissue only. The ribs develop therefore occasionally at some distance from the vertebral column, and that portion of the rib which in the metamorphosed young newt looks like the capitulum is to a great extent really its tuberculum. Witness the position of the vertebral artery, which still indicates the true foramen transversarium. The homologies of these parts are still more obscured by the fact that a new process grows out from the rib, by which the latter gains a new support upon a knob of the neural arch. Thus an additional foramen is formed, sometimes confounded with the true transverse canal. The meaning which underlies all these modifications is the broadening of the body, the ribs shifting their originally more ventral support towards the dorsal side. The whole process is intensified in the Anura; it is an initial stage of the notocentrous type of vertebrae. The transverse ossified processes of the adult are often much longer than the vestiges of the ribs themselves, and are somewhat complicated structures. They are composed first of the rib-bearing cartilaginous outgrowths of the neural arches; secondly, of a broad string of connective tissue which extends from the ventro-lateral corner of the perichordal skeletogenous layer to the ribs. [Illustration: FIG. 2.–Transverse section through a trunk-vertebra of a larva of _Salamandra maculosa_, enlarged. The right side shows the actually existing state, while on the left side the rib and its attachments are restored to their probable original condition. _A_, Vertebral artery within the true transverse canal; _B.V_, remnant of the basi-ventral cartilage; _Ch_, chorda dorsalis; _Sp.c_, spinal canal; *, the false transverse canal.] The SHOULDER-GIRDLE is extremely simple. It remains almost entirely cartilaginous, and the three constituent elements are not separated by sutures. Ossification is restricted to the base of the shaft of the scapula, and may extend thence over the glenoid cavity. The coracoids are broad, loosely overlap each other, and are "tenon and mortised" into the triangular or lozenge-shaped {15}cartilaginous sternum, which latter has no connection with the ribs. The precoracoid is a large, flat process, directed forwards, not meeting its fellow; it is absent in _Siren_.