_Anser cinereus_, the Grey-Lag, which nests in North Scotland and as far south as Spain and Kashgaria, ranges from Iceland to China, the Eastern race being called _A. rubrirostris_; _A. albifrons_, the White-fronted Goose, is found in Britain and most Palaearctic countries in winter, and chiefly eastward of Norway in summer; _A. segetum_, the Bean Goose, another of our hibernal visitants, breeds from Scandinavia to Amurland, and migrates southward to Madeira, North Africa, China, and Japan; _A. brachyrhynchus_, the Pink-footed Goose, extends over North Europe, and is common with us in the cold season; _A. indicus_ inhabits Central Asia and North India. _A. middendorffi_ (_grandis_) of East Siberia is a large form of the Bean Goose; while the small _A. erythropus_, once shot in Britain, has a similar range to the White-fronted Goose, of which both it and the big _A. gambeli_ of North America may be considered sub-species. The general coloration in this genus is grey-brown; in the Grey-Lag the bill and feet are flesh-coloured with white nail, in the White-fronted Goose orange, the latter having a white forehead and white breast with black bars. In the Bean and Pink-footed Geese the nail is black, but the bill and feet are orange-and-black and pink respectively. _A. indicus_ is lighter, with brown hind-neck, and two black crescents on the back of the white head. All these Grey Geese feed chiefly by day among green corn, stubble, peas, beans or clover, retiring at night to sand-banks or mud-flats in {133}winter; the note, often syllabled "honk-honk," is at times almost a cackle, whence the flocks or "skeins" are called "gaggles." The nest, placed in herbage or heather, is of grass, moss, twigs, or aquatic plants, and contains five or more whitish eggs. _Chen hyperboreus_, the "Wavy" of North-East Asia and North-West America, with its larger Eastern American race, _C. nivalis_, and _C. rossi_ of Arctic America–which wander south in winter, while the first has occurred in Britain and North Europe–are white, with black primaries, purplish-red bills and feet; _C. rossi_ having a warty base to the maxilla. _C. caerulescens_, of eastern North America, is grey-brown, with white head, bluish rump and wing-coverts. The food consists of rushes, insects, and berries. Sub-fam. 8. _Cereopsinae._–_Cereopsis novae hollandiae_, the Cape Barren Goose of South-East Australia and Tasmania, is grey-brown, with large yellow cere, chiefly reddish-orange feet, black toes and beak. More terrestrial than its nearest kin, it lays similar eggs. The very large extinct _Cnemiornis_, of the superficial deposits of New Zealand, was a close ally, with aborted keel to the sternum and short wings useless for flight.