CHAPTER I. Page Introduction 15 Comments 30 CHAPTER II. Genoa 54 Comments 72 CHAPTER III. Moreau in Germany 92 Comments 109 CHAPTER IV. Marengo 136 Comments 173 CHAPTER V. General Comments 216 Index 233 LIST OF MAPS AT END OF VOLUME. Map 1 to illustrate Chapter I. Map 2 to illustrate Chapters II. and IV. Map 3 to illustrate Chapter III. Map 4 to illustrate Battle of Marengo. THE CAMPAIGN OF MARENGO. CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION.[1] After a war one ought not only to write the history of what has taken place, but also the history of what was intended.--Von der Goltz. Upon Bonaparte's return from Egypt in October, 1799, he found England, Austria, and the small states dependent upon them waging war against France. The allies were united in an effort to crush the French Republic. They were sanguine of success. Against this formidable coalition France stood alone. Before Bonaparte's return, a Russian army, commanded by Suwaroff, had also been fighting the French in Italy and Switzerland; but, having been defeated by Masséna, Suwaroff had retreated with the remnants of his army into the valley of the Danube, and thence had proceeded into Russia. The defeat of Suwaroff had caused the Russian Emperor, Paul the First, to believe that his army had not been properly supported by the Austrian armies. He therefore felt angry and bitter towards Austria. As soon as Bonaparte became aware of the state of the Emperor's mind he collected the Russian prisoners then in France, gave them new uniforms and new arms, and sent them back to their own country. These acts and others of a conciliatory nature pleased and flattered the Emperor Paul, and enabled Bonaparte, soon after his return, to detach Russia from the alliance. Of the two great powers at war with France, England had been more active and more successful upon the sea; Austria, upon the land. In the battle of the Nile, Nelson had dealt the French navy a terrible blow, from the effects of which it never recovered. England was now mistress of the sea. Having her fleets in the Mediterranean and the Gulf of Genoa, she was prepared to assist Austria in her efforts to overthrow the French Republic.