[12] To develop the argument drawn from rational volition for the spirituality of the human soul would carry us too far afield. Those who wish to pursue the subject further may consult Chapter VIII of Gründer’s monograph entitled “Psychology without a Soul,” also his monograph on “Free Will.” G. H. Parker of Harvard, though admitting the fact of human freedom, tries to explain it away in terms of materialism. The following is the description which he gives of his theory: “It is a materialist view which, however, recognizes in certain types of organized matter a degree of free action consistent with human behavior and the resultant responsibility.” (_Science_, June 13, 1924, p. 520.) Freedom, in other words, “emerges” from matter having a peculiar “type of organization.” This view must be interpreted in the light of the philosophy of “Emergent Evolution,” which Parker holds in common with C. Lloyd Morgan and R. W. Sellars. The philosophy in question recognizes in nature an ascending scale of more and more complexly organized units, starting with protons and electrons, at the bottom, and culminating in the human organism, at the top. At each higher level of this cosmic scale we find higher units formed by coalescence of the simpler units of a lower level. These higher units, however, are _something more_ than a mere summation of the lower units; for, in addition to _additive_ properties that can be predicted from a knowledge of the components, they exhibit genuinely _new_ properties which, not being mere sums of the properties of the component units, are unpredictable on that basis. Given, for example, the weight of two volumes of hydrogen and one volume of oxygen, we could predict an _additive_ property such as the _weight_ of the compound, _i.e._ the water, formed by their combination. Other properties, of the compound, however, such as liquidity, are not foreshadowed by the properties of the component gases. Similarly, the weight of carbon disulphid (CS₂) is an additive function of the combining weights of sulphur and carbon, but the other properties of this mobile liquid are not predictable on the basis of the properties of sulphur and carbon. Hence _two_ kinds of properties are distinguished: (1) _additive_ (quantitative) properties called _resultants_, which are predictable; (2) _specificative_ (qualitative) properties called _emergents_, which are unprecedented and unpredictable. Freedom and intelligence, accordingly, are pronounced to be _emergents_ of matter organized to that degree of complexity which we find in man.