[Illustration: FIGS. 21-23] BRITISH COLONIES _CANADA (Ontario)._ [Illustration: FIG. 24] _AUSTRALIA (Commonwealth)._ [Illustration: FIG. 25] _NEW ZEALAND._ [Illustration: FIG. 26] _THE CITY OF TORONTO._ [Illustration: FIG. 27] _BERLIN._ [Illustration: FIG. 28] _BERLIN._ [Illustration: FIG. 29] _EUROPE._ [Illustration: FIG. 30] _WESTERN EUROPE._ [Illustration: FIG. 31] CHAPTER IV INFANT MORTALITY _In the preceding pages it was stated that a high birth-rate is always accompanied by a high infant mortality. The material presented in this chapter demonstrates the fact that ignorance of methods to prevent conception forces the wives of ill-paid wage-workers to bear an excess of unwanted children. Figures are adduced to show an appalling death rate of infants under five years of age and the economic distress of the survivors in families unwanted and too large._ _MEDICAL GYNECOLOGY. Howard A. Kelly, A.B., M.D., LLD., Professor of Gynecological Surgery in Johns Hopkins University, and Gynecologist to the Johns Hopkins Hospital, etc. D. Appleton Co. New York and London, 1912._ As long as a community can rest content in the belief that a large infant mortality is the natural method of reducing the race of the unfit, the doctrine of _laissez-faire_ can be accepted with complaisance. If, however, it seems probable that the influence of environment must be reckoned as a greater cause of infant mortality and of physical unfitness than the influence of heredity, it may be wiser for society, as it certainly will be easier, to preserve the lives and health of the children born, than to stimulate an increase in a birth rate now diminishing. As it is an open question whether the race as a whole suffers mental and physical deterioration from a diminished rate of production among the superior stocks, it is unquestionably a matter of public policy, as well as of common humanity, that conditions of living in communities should be made favorable to the preservation of the life and health of all infants and children. P. 41. _EUGENICS AND RACIAL POISONS. Prince A. Morrow, M.D. Pamphlet published by the Society of Sanitary and Moral Prophylaxis, N. Y., 1912._