architect, who was _magister inzignorum_. [11] At one era in Lombard times a law was made that no marble was to be used in building, except by royal persons--which accounts for all the Lombard churches being sculptured in _Saxum vivum_, or free-stone. There may have been a similar custom in England where marble was scarce. [12] There were other five martyrs of the Masonic guild, whose names have been given as Carpoferus, Severus, Severanus, Victorianus, and Symphorian. I have taken the four "Coronati" from the statutes of the Venetian _Arte_. [13] Mrs. Jameson finds the Santi Quattro illustrated in a predella in Perugia Academy. In one scene they are kneeling before the Emperor with their implements in their hands. In another they are bound to four columns and tortured. In a third they are in an iron cage and being thrown into the sea. In their own church they are represented as lying in one sarcophagus with crowns on their heads. In sculpture they also occur on the façades of several early churches; on the Arco di S. Agostino, and lastly on Or San Michele at Florence, where Nanni di Banco had so much trouble in squeezing the four of them into one niche, that Donatello had to help him. These sculptures were placed by the _Arte_ of masons and stone-cutters, and they naturally chose their patron saints. [14] _Gregor. Epist._ Tom. III. Epist. iv. an. 755. [15] Pietro Giannone, an exile from Naples, contemporary of Muratori, was the first to mention this _Memoratorio_, which he said he had seen among the precious codices of the monks at Cava dei Tirreni; that it contained 152 laws, seven of which were added specially for the Comacine Masters. [16] See _Epistola ad Mustio_, 39, lib. ix. [17] Lib. X. Epist. xliii. [18] Muratori, _Novus Thesaurus veterum Inscriptorum_, Vol. I. chap. vii. p. 526. [19] _Antiq. Long. Mil._ Tom. I. chap. i. p. 17. CHAPTER II THE COMACINES UNDER THE LONGOBARDS LONGOBARD MASTERS