wont to look very closely after its ecclesiastical interests at Rome.” [Sidenote: The Denunciation of Books.] The present regulations of the Index provide official channels for the denunciation of books. In Title I, Chapter X, it is stated that the duty of the denunciation of books to the Congregation belongs to the papal nuncios, the apostolic delegates, the ordinaries (Diocesan bishops), and the rectors of the more important (Catholic) universities. It is requested that on such occasions not only the title of the book, but the reason for its condemnation should be given, and at the same time absolute secrecy is promised as regards the sources of such denunciation.[108] Mendham contends that the Italian Church seems to have acted on the presumption that, not when she condemned and executed (whether the innocent or the guilty), but only when she acquitted and allowed to escape, she did wrong. And, therefore, the power of condemning supposed heretical books was permitted to any of the superior ecclesiastical authorities. The pope, as head of the Church, claimed the individual right to the control of literary production. A similar authority was likewise allowed to, and exercised by, public ecclesiastical bodies, such as the theological faculties of the Sorbonne and of Louvain, by individual superior ecclesiastics, and even by the supreme civil magistrate. There were from time to time protests, on the part more particularly of the Jesuits and the Dominicans, against the exercise of censorship by any bodies or individuals not explicitly authorised by the head of the Church, or carrying some such general authorisation as that held by the Inquisition. The Jesuit Raynaud[109] denies the authority of the bishops; and his opinion of the censorship authority of the universities is contemptuous. If, he argues, this power resides not in an individual doctor as such, how can it reside in a collective body of doctors? If Aesop’s ass, though in a lion’s skin, was still but an ass, would a whole herd of such animals form an assembly of lions? Van Espen, in a tract concerning the Congregation of the Inquisition, states that the censure or condemnation of the books in the Index is often to be resolved into the examination and judgment of a single consultor, as he is called. Not a few true Romanists whose works were thus transfixed have protested against the injustice of being, on the judgment of a single examiner, classified as heretics.[110] [Sidenote: Damages under Censorship]