The difficulty with which the papal authorities were here contending had to do with the text of the earlier printed editions of the writings of the Fathers of the Church, and of certain of the later ecclesiastical writers. In preparing these editions for the press, the more scholarly and careful of the printer-publishers, such as the Stephani in Paris, Froben in Basel, and Koberger in Nuremberg, found it necessary to collate as many copies as could be secured of the MSS. which had been accepted as more or less authoritative. In certain cases, as for instance with the Stephani, the editorial work was done by the publisher himself; while in others the service of scholarly revisers was secured. It does not appear from the history or correspondence of these publishers that they had any doctrinal purposes in view. It seems to have been their wish, if only as a matter of business importance, to secure for the printed book the most accurate and complete text possible. There are not a few references in the correspondence of their editors to the unsatisfactory condition of many MS. texts, on the teachings of which had been based important matters of doctrine or large contentions for ecclesiastical control. There is at least fair ground for the belief that the so-called heretical eliminations and corrections complained of by the Index authorities represented simply the attempts of the best scholarship of the day to correct the blunders and the wilful garblings of scribes (working under ecclesiastical direction) who had prepared the accepted MSS. presenting the teachings of the earlier leaders of the Church. (5) When publication has been made by the bishop and inquisitor of a _Codex expurgatorius_, the owners of the books concerned are permitted, under an authorisation from such bishop, etc., themselves to make in their own copies the corrections required by the Index. Reusch points out that permission for such individual correction was never granted under the regulations of the Spanish Inquisition. [Sidenote: (III) Concerning the Printing of Books]