Each book must carry on its title-page specification of the full name and nationality of the author and of the printer, and of the location of the printing-office. In an exceptional case, the bishop and inquisitor have authority to permit the anonymous publication of a work, but the name of author and of printer, with their respective addresses, must be duly recorded. Before the printer is permitted to bring his volume into type, he is required to submit to bishop and to inquisitor the complete text of the same, and, after this has been examined, to secure the necessary permit or privilege. The application of this regulation varied materially in different districts, but the methods adopted frequently brought upon the printer-publisher so considerable an outlay as to render unprofitable an undertaking otherwise promising. In connection with the increase in certain centres of the number of books planned for publication, the examiners found an increasing difficulty in keeping up with the labour of passing upon each portion of the text before issuing the necessary permit. They began to take the ground of refusing to trouble themselves with the examination of MSS., and of insisting on having the completed texts placed before them in the form of printed sheets. This necessitated on the part of the printer the striking off of an entire edition in advance of securing the privilege for its publication. In these earlier stages of the work of printing, the making of plates was of course unknown. The fonts of type were small and the “sheets” (comprising from four to sixteen pages) had to be worked off, each by itself, in the full number of impressions required, in order that the type might be freed for the setting of the succeeding “sheets” or “signatures.” The printer would laboriously strike off with his hand-press 250 or 350 impressions of four, eight, twelve, or sixteen pages, and only when such impressions had been completed, would he have type available for the setting of the next form. In the case, therefore, in which the examiners decided that the book could be permitted publication only after more or less serious changes and corrections, the outlay incurred in producing this first set of sheets would be practically thrown away. The printer-publishers and also the booksellers were required to make oath from year to year that they would carry on their business in full accord with the principles of the holy Catholic Church, the decrees and rules of the Index, and the regulations of the local bishops and inquisitors. In the case of the publication of an authorised, expurgated edition of a work, which in its original form had been condemned, the title-page is to carry a wording similar to the following: _Bibliotheca ... a Conrado Gesnero Tigurino, damnato auctores olim edita ac prohibita, nunc jussu superiorum expurgata et permissa_.