The decree numbered thirty-eight and issued August 23, 1634, specifies, with other condemned books, _Dialogo di Galileo Galilei_. Decree number fourteen connects with the condemned Copernican doctrine the name not of Galileo but of Foscarini. It adds, however, the general sentence: _Aliosque omnes libros pariter idem docentes_. The names of both Foscarini and Galileo appear in the body of the Index, the first under _Lettera_, the second under _Dialogo_. In the Roman Index of 1704 (first edition), the following entry stands in its alphabetic place: _Libri omnes docentes mobilitatem Terrae et immobilitatem solis_. In all later editions of the Index this entry was, however, omitted.[196] Sundry theologians of the Inquisition were instructed to examine two propositions which had been extracted from Galileo’s letters on the solar system. Their decision was rendered as follows: “The first proposition, that the sun is the centre and does not revolve about the earth, is foolish, absurd, false in theology, and heretical, because expressly contrary to Holy Scripture”; and “the second proposition, that the earth is not the centre but revolves about the sun, is absurd, false in philosophy, and from a theological point of view, at least, opposed to the true faith.”[197] The ground on which had been based the contention of the defenders of the Church that Galileo had made the Scriptures responsible for his new theory of the solar system, was a suggestion contained in letters written by the astronomer to his friend Castelli and to the Grand Duchess Christine, to the effect that his discoveries might be reconciled with Scripture. The result of the long contest is now, of course, fully on record. The examinations and discussions had extended over a period of sixteen years. Galileo had for a large portion of that time been kept in prison under the direct control of the Roman Inquisition. It appears from the records, which have been summarised by Andrew White and others, that by the express order of Pope Urban he was menaced from time to time with torture, although it is probable that physical torture was never actually administered. The old man was finally (in 1633) forced to pronounce publicly and on his knees a recantation worded as follows: “I, Galileo, being in my seventieth year, being a prisoner and on my knees, and before your Eminences, having before my eyes the Holy Gospel, which I touch with my hands, abjure, curse, and detest the error and the heresy of the movement of the earth.”[198] The Inquisitors were ordered not to permit the publication of any further editions of Galileo’s works or of any writings upholding his theories. On the other hand, “theologians were urged, now that Copernicus and Galileo and Kepler were silenced, to reply to them with tongue and pen.” Europe was flooded with these theological refutations of the Copernican system.[199]