The authority of the Index of the Congregation and of the Papacy back of the Index remained committed to the position taken by Pope Urban and his advisers until the time of Benedict XIV. In 1757, under instructions given by Benedict, the Congregation of the Index removed the old-time restrictions on writings advocating the Copernican system. As late, however, as 1765, Lalande, the great French astronomer, attempted without success to secure from the authorities at Rome the removal from the Index of the works of Galileo. Artaud, writing in the Dublin _Review_ in September, 1865, in defence of the record of the Church, states that Galileo’s _Dialogue_ was published complete in Padua in 1714, “with the usual approbations.” In the same article, it is stated that in 1818 the ecclesiastical decrees were repealed by Pius VII in full Consistory.[200] The historian Cantu, however, who is described as an authority favourable to the Church, speaks of the work of Copernicus as remaining on the Index as late as 1835.[201] Cantu’s authority is supported by Reusch.[202] In 1820, Canon Settele, professor of astronomy at Rome, had ready for publication an elementary textbook which was based upon the Copernican system. The master of the sacred palace, Anfossi, refused to allow the book to be printed unless Settele would reshape it and would refer to the Copernican theory as merely an hypothesis. The professor appealed to Pope Pius VII by whom the matter was referred to the Congregation of the Inquisition. The issue aroused considerable discussion but finally, on the eleventh of September, 1822, the cardinals of the Inquisition agreed upon the concession that “the printing and publication of works treating of the motion of the earth and the stability of the sun, in accordance with the general opinion of modern astronomers, is hereafter permitted at Rome.”[203] The decree was ratified by Pius VII and, after a delay of two years, the professor was permitted to place his book in the hands of the printers. It may, I judge, be inferred that until the publication of this volume, late in 1822, the pupils in the orthodox Catholic schools had not been permitted the use of any textbooks on astronomy, the conclusions of which were in accord with the Copernican system. It was not until 1835, thirteen years after the decision of the cardinals, that an edition of the Index appeared in which was omitted all condemnation of works defending the double motion of the earth.