The downfall of imperial Rome which (irrespective of the internal causes) was brought about by persistent Teutonic onslaughts, terminated the period of the world’s history which is, for convenience, called classic or ancient. In like manner, the overthrow of the world-wide domination of ecclesiastical Rome was brought about by the Teuton Luther, an attack which, supported by the Teutonic forces of North Europe, developed into a revolution against Italian rule, and terminated the epoch of mediaevalism. For long periods to come, the questions raised by Luther and his fellow-Protestants were to bring anxieties and conflicts upon popes, emperors, princes, and people. These questions were also to provide issues and themes for innumerable writers, and to secure an apparently inexhaustible supply of material for the printing-presses and the booksellers. It is not surprising that at an early period in the development of printing, ecclesiastics who were fighting for the continued domination of the Church recognised the press as a most seriously antagonistic influence, and that, during a term of two centuries, they continued to attempt to put into force machinery for the supervision and restriction of its undertakings. A scholarly American Catholic (speaking in 1905) makes reference to “the distinctive service rendered by Luther in making clear to the Church the necessity for reform, for recurrences to the earlier Christian ideals, to the standards of Gregory the Great and of Benedict.” CHAPTER XVI THE JANSENIST CONTROVERSY AND THE BULL UNIGENITUS 1. The Jansenist Controversy 1641–1649. 2. Quesnel and the Bull _Unigenitus_ 1671–1755. 3. Controversial Writings on Theological Morality 1667–1730. =1. The Jansenist Controversy, 1641–1649.=--In 1641, was condemned by the Inquisition the _Augustinus_ of Cornelius Jansen, Bishop of Yprés, which had been published in the same year, three years after the death of its author. The treatise was, it seems, classed among the writings having to do with the prohibited subject _de auxiliis_.