From this time on, the main question turns upon the range or extent of the authority of the Church and particularly of the infallibility (in this matter of interpretation) of the pope. In a Bull of 1656, issued by Alexander VII as a result of an understanding with Louis XIV, it is ordered that all bishops, priests, monks, and nuns shall subscribe to a formula of which the following is the substance: “I accept in full the authority of the Bull of Innocent X of May 31, 1653, and the Bull of Alexander VII of October, 1656, and I reject and condemn without reservation the five propositions referred to in these Bulls cited from the _Augustinus_ of Jansen, in the sense which the author intended should be given to said propositions, in which sense said propositions have been condemned by the Holy See. I solemnly swear to abide by this statement, so help me God and the holy Apostles.” Four French bishops gave out in June, 1665, statements in which they declared that this formula was to be subscribed to with reservation in regard to the actual facts of doctrine contained in the series of papal bulls. These diocesan letters were themselves, in January, 1667, prohibited by the Congregation of the Index. The negotiations of the pope with the French Government in regard to further action against the four bishops was interrupted by the death in May, 1667, of Alexander VII. Under Alexander’s successor, Clement IX, an agreement was arrived at, the so-called “Peace of Clement,” by which the four bishops gave their signatures to the formula and addressed a memorial to the pope, stating that they were now prepared to condemn the five propositions without reservation of any kind in the sense in which these propositions had already been condemned by the Holy See. During the next ten years, the subscription to the formula was very generally made throughout France, with the same specific statement as that given by the four bishops to the pope. In this manner was finally brought to a close the Jansenist issue. In connection with this controversy, were placed upon the Index the titles of some hundred books, monographs, and pamphlets, chiefly by French authors. The list includes no less than twenty writings of Arnauld. The Spanish Index of 1707 contains the condemnation of the original work of Jansen, and of the five propositions, together with a general prohibition of all writings supporting these propositions. These hundred titles constituted but a very small fragment of the enormous mass of literature that was brought into print in France, in Holland, and in North Germany as a result of the controversy. One work, especially characteristic of the spirit of the time, may deserve more specific mention; the calendar for 1654, issued by certain Jesuits under the title of _La Déroute et la confusion des Jansénistes_, contains a frontispiece on copper; giving on the one side a view of the pope surrounded by cardinals