=2. The Bull Unigenitus.=--Pasquier Quesnel (1634–1719) published in 1671, the first part of his _Commentary on the New Testament_. The completed work was prohibited in 1708, in a brief of Clement XI. In 1675, Quesnel published an edition of the works of Leo the Great, the notes to which he utilised for a defence of Gallican liberties. This work was placed on the Index in 1676. In 1685, finding himself unable to subscribe to a document in condemnation of Jansenism, Quesnel retired from Orleans to Brussels. There, as a result in part of his association with Arnauld, he completed, in 1695, under the title of _Reflexions Morales sur le Nouveau Testament_, the _Commentary_, the first part of which had been issued in 1671. At the instance of Louis XIV, Clement issued in September, 1713, the Bull _Unigenitus_ in which the condemnation of the Commentary of Quesnel is confirmed and a hundred and one propositions selected from the Commentary are specifically condemned. In the case of a number of these propositions, no specification is given in the Bull for the ground of their disapproval, and it was contended by the supporters of Quesnel that it was not possible to point out in these any utterance of heresy or of unsound doctrine. The following propositions may be cited as representing the character of the series: _79. Utile, et necessarium est omni tempore, omni loco, et omni personarum generi studere, et cognoscere spiritum, pietatem, et mysteria Sacrae Scripturae_ (It is useful and necessary at all times, in every place, and for every sort of person, to study and know the spirit, the piety, and the mysteries of Holy Scripture). _80. Lectis Sacrae Scripturae est pro omnibus_ (The reading of Holy Scripture is for all). _81. Obscuritas sancta Verbi Dei non est laicis ratio dispensandi se ipsos ab ejus lectione_ (The sacred obscurity of the Word of God is no reason for the laity to absolve themselves from the reading of it). _82. Dies Dominicus a Christianis debet sanctificari lectionibus pietatis, et super omnia Sanctarum Scripturarum. Damnosum est velle Christianum ab hac lectione retrahere._ (The Lord’s day should be kept holy by Christians by pious reading, and above all by the reading of Holy Scripture. It is hurtful for a Christian to wish to withdraw from such readings). _83. Est illusio, sibi persuadere, quod notitia Mysteriorum Religionis non debeat communicari foeminis, lectione sacrorum librorum. Non ex foeminarum simplicitate, sed ex superba Virorum scientia, ortus est Scripturarum abusus, et natae sunt haereses._ (It is a mistake to believe that knowledge of the mysteries of religion ought not to be communicated to women by the reading of the holy books. Not from the simplicity of women, but from the haughty science of men has the abuse of the Scriptures arisen and have heresies been born.)