In connection with the controversies concerning the Bull _Unigenitus_, there arose in France further issues in regard to the relations between the several orders of the clergy. Writers like Nicholas le Gros (1675–1751) took the ground that the bishops had authority to give binding decisions in regard to such matters as the acceptance of a Bull, etc., only in connection with conclusions arrived at by the whole body of the clergy. Another writer took the ground that between bishops and priests there was no essential difference. A number of these writings were formally censured by the Sorbonne and by diocesan conventions, but no one of them found its way into the Index. =3. Controversial Writings between 1665 and 1730 in Regard to Theological Morality.=--In September of 1665 and May of 1666, under edicts of Alexander VII, a long series (forty-five in all) of propositions of the Casuists were condemned without specification of the books in which these propositions had appeared. Similar edicts were published later under Innocent XI and Alexander VIII. Matthaeus de Moya, writing first under the name of Giumenus, undertook the defence of the Jesuit Casuists against the doctrines of Spanish theologians, chiefly Dominicans. This _Apologia_ of de Moya was, in 1665, sharply censured by the Sorbonne and was prohibited in 1666 by the Index Congregation, in 1675 by the Inquisition, and in 1680 by a special brief of Innocent XI. In Spain, the work of De Moya, so far from being prohibited, was held in general favour. In 1670 and 1672, under Clement X, were prohibited writings by Fabri and Baron. Fabri was one of the most noteworthy of the Dominican critics of the Jesuits, and Baron was one of the most learned of the Jesuit Casuists of his day. Neither of these volumes appears in the Spanish Index. One of the more important of the works on theological morality by a Jesuit, was printed in 1694 by Thyrsus Gonzalez, General of the Order, under the title of _Probabilissimus_. This treatise is described as taking strong ground against a number of the Jesuit contentions and theories. Gonzalez had apparently undertaken to correct certain moral principles maintained by his Order, principles which were in his judgment erroneous. In 1705, a treatise of the Jesuit Balthazar Francolinus, under the title of _Rigorismus_, was printed in Rome with the approval of Clement XI; a number of replies to this were prohibited. END OF VOLUME I FOOTNOTES: [1] _Büchernachdruck_, 14. [2] _Remains of Bishop Barlow_, London, 1693, 70–71. [3] Mendham, 4. [4] _De Jure_, etc., 328. Cited by Mendham, 283. [5] _Ibid._, 320. [6] _De Justa Hæreticorum Punitione._ Venice, 1549. p. 228. [7] _Concil. di Trento_, v, 128. [8] Mendham, 342. [9] _Annales Typographici_, vii, 258. [10] L. Graetz, _Gesch. der Juden_, viii, 112, 462. [11] Milton’s _Areopagitica_, Lond., 1819., 17 _et seq._ [12] Acts xix, 19.